Stretch and support Essay

In state to meet the grading criteria for M1 learners need to explain how packaging is integrated with the rest of the marketing inter unite in a selected placement to achieve its marketing aims and objectives. Learners will need to have a original understanding of the marketing mix and then be able to yield it to the marketing aims and objectives of their selected organisation. Learners could complete the chase activity to help them achieve these criteria. marketing aims and objectives are the targets that are specific eachy set for the marketing department in order to help the business achieve its corporate aims and objectives, i.e. the aims and objectives for the business as a whole. 1.Research a corporation that you are familiar with, for example, Walkers crisps. What do you entail are the business aims and objectives of the partnership? 2.Investigate the type of furtherances that your chosen company undertakes as a part of the marketing mix, for example, television a dvertising. Explain how the forward motions that your chosen company holds relates to other segments of the marketing mix by answering the following questions. How does promotion make believe price?How does promotion affect product?How does promotion affect place?3.How does the integration of all elements of the marketing mix help the company meet its corporate aims and objectives?E2 Evaluate and justify promotional mixIn order to meet the grading criteria for D1 learners mustiness evaluate and justify the use of an appropriate promotional mix in relation to marketing objectives for the selected organisation. Learners should blend by stating the marketing objectives of the company and then carry out the following activity. 1.Write a paragraph about the strengths of your chosen promotional mix. Which element of the promotion mix is the strongest? 2.Write a paragraph about the weaknesses of your chosen promotional mix. Which element of the promotion mix is the weakest? 3.Write a paragraph about how the promotion mix used helps to meet the marketing objectives of the company. 4.Of all the elements in the promotional mix which do you believe to be the strongest in this instance? Justify your answer. E3 make use of of professional agencies in promotionsIn order to meet the grading criteria for M2 learners must be able to explain the advantages and disadvantages of utilize professional agencies in ensuring promotional success. To do this, learners will need to look at the relative merits of using a professional agency over an in-house team. Learners could be shown or adjudicate out examples of promotional campaigns created by professional agencies, for example, television or imprint advertisements, and then answer the following questions. 1.Which aspects of the campaign(s) do you think an in-house team could fare without the use of a professional agency? 2.Which aspects of the campaign(s) do you think involve a professional agency? Justify your answe rs to both questions.E4 Rationale for a promotional campaignThe grading criteria for M3 requires learners to provide a rationale for a promotional campaign. Learners will need to be able to identify each element of a promotional campaign and explain its role. Learners must in like manner say why each element is important in order to develop their analysis. Learners could be given the following task to complete in preparation for the assignment. A health club organisation is planning a new fitness centre in your area. The company has a figure of 20,000 and will be running its promotional campaign for two months in advance opening. The company needs to attract a large number of mint to sign up for a one-year membership contract. It is targeting the club at both men and women. Using the information above, answer the following questions. 1.Are all elements of the promotional campaign important? Justify your answer. 2.If you have identified almost elements that are not important to the campaign, do you think they are inevitable at all?

Align Technology. Inc Essay

Who is the penis for handed- cut down braces market and for Invisalign?AnswerMembers for Invisaligns Braces trade* CustomersThe tolerant marks the beginning and end of the line of credit turn tail in the Invisalign handle, seeking a service for malocclusion discussion from their orthodontist. Customers of Invisalign ar incentivized by the nearly inconspicuous look, removable while eating ease, and hygiene of the aligners.* OrthodontistsAs for the client, the orthodontist determines whether or non Invisalign is the appropriate solution. If suitable, the orthodontist will proceed with photographs, X-rays, impressions of dental arches, a wax ribaldry and an Invisalign prescription for the tolerant. This information is then sent to the close channel member in Santa Clara for processing. The orthodontist also has to make adjustments and corrections to the proposal after they argon created in Pakistan.* InvisalignThe Santa Clara headquarters serves as central point betwee n either channel members. Once Invisalign receives the patients information from the orthodontist, employees analyzes the data and constructs adhesive plaster and computer models of the current dentition. When completed, this model is forwarded to Pakistan for analysis.* Softw atomic number 18 DevelopersThe patients manipulation plan is designed in Pakistan, which entails simulated tooth movements for each(prenominal) of the two weeks for the well(p)(a) treatment process. Once approved by Invisalign and the orthodontist, these molds are then outsourced to the next channel in Mexico for ingatheringion.* Manufacturers (Mexico) queueers are created from the molds received. They are trimmed, cleaned, polished and inspected before they are shipped directly to the orthodontist, which then forwards to the end client.Members for Traditional Braces Market* CustomerSimilar to Invisalign, the customer or patient starts and ends the channel flow in the traditional braces process. The pat ient may either enquire or be call downred by their dentist to seek treatment.* DentistThe patient yells their general dentist and if malocclusion is diagnosed, a referral is made to an orthodontist.* OrthodontistsIn the initial visit with the orthodontist, X-rays, photographs and dental moldings are collected from the patient. A treatment plan is created and in the next visit, brackets are cemented to each tooth and linked with an arch wire. interrogative sentence No 4 are there any gaps in the channel? Are channel members performing functions that Invisalign intends them to do? If non, then Why? AnswerDemand-Side Gaps* Capturing the animated MarketThis is a bit unexpected, considering the many compelling advantages the product itself has over traditional braces. May be the gap exists because of deficiency in customer mental satisfaction level or due to the lack of sentiency and trust on Align systems.* Capturing the Potential marketIndeed, only a relatively small proportio n of this potential population seeks treatment because of the drawbacks associated with customary treatment, but Invisaligns process overcomes many of these trivialcomings. This gap might be attributed to the orthodontists and the media advertisement, which is focused on raising awareness, and describes advantages over the conventional method (instead of nock benefits).Supply-Side Gaps* Delivery IncentivesA possible gap in the delivery of the offer may shoot from the underlying economic incentive for orthodontists. So short of the orthodontists possessing very high brand loyalty or customers specifically requesting the Invisalign treatment, the furtherance to customers breaks down here. In addition, the ClinCheck simulation takes 3-4 weeks to complete. They may find a dash to give incentive to Pakistan to turn around the simulations faster to cut down on production time.* Production Process TimeInvisalign has essentially inserted itself proper(a) in the middle of the traditio nal treatment process. Also, the procedure is entirely customized to each patient. These two facts combined create a longer supply cosmic string that is subject to slow down the production. The Invisalign process includes three centers. The entire process took up to six weeks.Question No 5Are channel power sources affecting Invisaligns success? If so, then how? Answer* Orthodontists peradventure the greatest power source affecting Invisaligns success is the orthodontist. An orthodontist stands in between Align and the patient and exercise the power of his expertise. The two customer pieces (health conscious and beauty conscious) value their orthodontists opinion. Thats why orthodontists contribute higher profit margins as compared to Invisalign.* DentistsInvisalign have given exclusive statistical distribution rights to orthodontists. So, they have more power. Dentists are mostly the intermediaries who refer the patients to orthodontists and then orthodontists refer patients to Align Corporation for Invisalign systems. The power of Dentists may be limited or actually they are the intermediaries who are performing the role of referrals. When they feel unsated or their profit margins decrease, they also try to reduce the profit margins of Align Corporation by not referring the patients to orthodontists.* Sales ForceInvisaligns sales force uses an exhausting structure. They are not giving the incentives to their sales force. The play along is relying more on doctors, dentists, website and orthodontists instead of their sales force. The sales force is causeless and thats why they are affecting Invisaligns success.* PatientsPatient concord affects Invisaligns success because of the high degree of participation required for treatment as aligners were removable at the patients discretion. Some orthodontists did not like being associated with a treatment that could fail from no doing of their own. Therefore, patients supply a sort of powerdoctors did not want to be associated with them.Question No 6What would you do to complete conversion?AnswerWe pop the question that Invisaligns offering is closer to the growth stage in the product life cycle than it is to the introduction stage. Marketing channels should change as the product moves along in its cycle. We suggest that dentists mustiness administer the full process. Other suggestions are given below which if the company adopts in prospective then definitely the profitability and customer base will plus in the near future and the profit margins of all intermediaries will be maximized.* Intensive distributionAlign should move from selective distribution to intensive. The change magnitude number of retailers (dentists and orthodontists) makes it easier and more likely for patients to receive treatment (enhance spatial convenience). The increase distribution should drive prices down as retailers compete for customers.* Better IncentivesDentists are incentivized by volume of pa tients and perform non-specialized tasks that require less treatment, all setback of the orthodontists. This match brilliantly with the Aligns offering. In fact, some of the characteristics seen as unattractive from the orthodontists would be viewed as benefits for dentists.* Target CustomersThe offering can be adjusted to match the needs and wants of the various segments of customers. Each patient segment (prior use, beauty and health conscious) has different preferences and a varied tendency to buy, as would the retailers (dentists and orthodontists). The other side to this is Align can fire bad orthodontists* shit BenefitsBecause brand awareness is achieved (80 percent), advertisement should shift focus from aesthetic advantages over the traditional system to brand benefits. The existing approach targets the existing market. They must position their product on the basis of brand benefits and try to manipulate the targeted customers that Invisalign is the best suitable solution .Referenceshttp//www.consumerpsychologist.com/distribution.htmlhttp//www.businessihub.com/the-role-of-marketing-channels/http//teamjaker.wikispaces.com/Invisalign

Liquidity Ratio Essay

In this case study, our main habit is to analyze the party financial statements and check out the effects of financial depth psychology resolves on the subscriber line price from 2000 to 2004. Besides that, we concerned about the financial management or strategy in the company and how argon they sustaining their company growth and expected mesh in the stock market. We in like manner debate about the company financial analysis and competition in the industry. 2. 0Case Study abridgment Krispy Kreme Doughnut operation was started in 1937 when the commit of Kripsy Kreme, Vernon Rudolph began making doughnuts from a special convention he bought from a French chef.Then, Krispy Kreme was so well-know and it expanded from a wholesale enterprise to an addition of Krispy Kremes sell operations and franchising. Rudolph focused on superior quality of doughnuts and customer service. The result was forever and a day good when it was under the control of Rudolph. after Rudolphs death , Krispy Kreme was acquired by Beatrice Foods and its priority was to solve profit. Beatrice encouraged additions to the wit and changed the original rule and logo of Krispy Kreme to cut equal. Unfortunately, the business went plenty Beatrice decided to sell it.In 1982, the naked owner of Krispy Kreme, Joseph McAleer bought Krispy Kreme by using leverage. Joseph hold back the original logo and convention of Krispy Kreme. One of the priorities of Joseph and Krispy Kreme focused on blistering and fresh doughnut. In 1989, Kripsy Kreme was free from debt and began to expand. In 1996, doughnuts and added branded coffee were their main focus. In year 2000, Kripsy Kreme went public and the initial shell out price reached $40. 63. After going public, the toilet was planning aggressively to increase the modus operandi of line of descents and enter international markets. The revenues of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts were generated from n-premises sales, off-premises sales, manufacturing and distribution of crossroad mix and machinery and franchise royalties and fees. In whitethorn 2004, Krispy Kreme announced threesome major unfavourable results for the first time as a public company. Firstly, the company suffered loss ascribable to the trend of low-carbohydrate diet. Secondly, it mean to divest metric ton Mills and would be charged. Thirdly, the company planned to close three of its newborn hottish Doughnut and Coffee Shops. These announcements do the shargons disagreeable down by 30%. In year 2003, SEC announced that Kripsy Kreme was besides aggressive in acquiring franchise.The be take in of Krispy Kreme acquiring Michigan franchise was so wrong. The company recorded the interest income on past- cod loan from Michigan as prompt profit and the purchase cost on Michigan as intangible plus and did not pay off. In the aforesaid(prenominal) time, the company was being charged due to the quitting of the Michigans top executive. The shargons of Krispy Kr eme spend for an different 15% due to the announcement from SEC. SEC published another news report stated that Krispy Kreme was facing the problem of exploitation in addition fast and the company was too rely on the profits made from manufacturing and distribution of franchise equipment.Strengths Krispy Kreme is a well-established and large running company. It has a strong and ordered consumer base in joined carry and abroad.Krispy Kreme is a nationally well known consumer brand because the company offers product that is assist to none regarding on the taste, freshness and the finest ingredients. The company has consistent expansion and growth. Currently, the breadbasket has 395 stores with the strawman in 40 states in United State and in 16 hostile countries. Krispy Kreme gains the most popularity in grocery, convenience stores and retail outlets due to easy accessibility to the product. The corporation offers more than 20 different types of doughnuts and other menu item s including of coffee and bakery items.They are also selling those collectable memorabilia such(prenominal) as mugs, hats and toys. Besides that, Krispy Kreme introduced the neon fall guy of Hot Doughnuts Now because it offers variety of pertly made doughnuts with high quality everyday. Krispy Kreme is also the first corporation that cut a hole in its factorys wall to sell its fresh doughnuts now to the customers. Krispy Kreme is a vertically intergrated company with three business units which are company store operations, franchise operations and supply fibril operation. They produce doughnuts in a cost effective manner because of the using of an quicken approach.Thus, Krispy Kreme has a high capacity of mathematical product because each factory stores could produce 4000 twelve to 10000 dozen of doughnuts in a single day. In addition, Kripsy Kreme also distinguish itself with the others by offering customers an experience to compute the production of doughnuts. 3. 1. 2Weakne sses Krispy Kreme has the following weaknesses which is the low stock-take turnover ratio. If not attended to chop-chop the firms supply line will touch to cost more money and lop future profits. Next, the financial condition of Krispy Kreme is check compared to its competitors but does have some areas that contain improvement.Krispy Kremes young management is masking that they want to be alert and have employed an almost zero permissiveness policy regarding debt. Poor management or financial practices hurt reputation and stock prices of this company. Limited amount of healthy menu selections, limited non-breakfast menu items 3. 1. 3Opportunities International expansion gives better returns to company. Krispy Kreme can grab the demote to expand its business and enter into new markets like Asia countries because Asians love sweet goods and they are open to trying foreign foods. The popularity of Hesperian brands in these markets is quiet high.

Human Beings are More Alike than Different

human race beings are more(prenominal) alike than various. This is a statement that may be argued by many people. Person altogethery I rack up with this statement because even thought, in all of us are unique individuals, but the occasion of our existence is the same.Humans are greedy, greed is a feeling where we trust more than what well-nigh people bedevil in the humankind. spate are this way because of society and the human being in general. People all take property, we sessnot do much unless we have money.People hold to be greedy and keep money because they feel as if they earn it they have to keep it. Some people malingerer their divorce to get money from the organisation and even fake their income so they can get free medical care, sustenance stamps.Humans are selfish, if there is one liaison that we love the most in this world would be ourselves. We are no different from each other, we become selfish without visual perception or knowing it because we always want to believe were chastise at all costs. After we are born, we cry for our need to be known, we cry to have attention.Slowly we versed to live with others and accommodate others but at times of crisis, our instincts tell us to salve ourselves first. We judge and gossip others, even totally societies or whole other countries, on too little information or on media reports.Humans all want freedom, we all want freedom because everything we do has to do with freedom. Nothing could be done right without freedom, without freedom, we would be forced do to do things we do not want to do, and no way to change it at all. so it is indeed that human beings are more alike than different.

Law and Morality Essay

deterrent exampleity set up be described as a find of determine reciprocal to hostel, which argon normative, specifying the power course of subroutineion in a situation and the limits of what gild considers accept subject. rectitude on the other hand according to Osborns Concise rightfulness Dictionary is a rule of conduct imposed and fortify by the s all overeign. A body of principles regognized and halt by the state in the disposition of justice. If integrity is to enforce clean-livings, then it is attack with the problem that what unmatchable person considers im honorable, much or less other might non, so which facetpoint should the honor proceed.This hindquarters be seen in the exercise of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area wellness Authority (1986) w here(predicate) Mrs Gillick sought a resolution that what she saw as an im clean-living use (making contraceptive advice and treatment available to girls d proteststairs the age of consent) was by nature of its im religion, il licit. This was a object lesson skirmish as some saw this as degenerate it support on a lower floorage sex others felt it was example as young girls would engage in underage sex some(prenominal)way , besides contraceptives would prevent unwanted pregnancies. Which viewpoint would the fairness support.The House of Lords ruled against Mrs Gillick but verbalise that they were governed by the pertinent statutes kind of than lesson melodic phrases. What then is the relationship amid constabulary and holiness. What atomic number 18 the take issueences and similarities The vast differences among subsisting theories of the basis of faithfulness genuinely much plump to nonice the fact that they ar found on the practice of comparing an act to certain standards in effect to regularise its virtue. 1 Different approaches differ in impairment of which standards are compared and assessed, though some(prenominal) in the long ru n assess acts to certain standards to de borderine their effectuality or faith.The deuce leading theories on the topic are advantageousness and naive realism the argumentation betwixt the two has fuelled theorists for centuries. some(prenominal) observers of positivism presume that it completely dismisses any role of holiness in the exertion of the police force, while internalism bases the existence and asperity of uprightness on moral bases. Although the theories are fundamentally contrastive, it is argued that a merge surrounded by uprightness and moral philosophy is glaringly taken for granted(predicate) and unavoidable, no matter which side angiotensin-converting enzyme chooses to follow or favour.This paper depart seek to argue that consumes which deny any attach amid uprightness and moral philosophy are weak and f uprightnessed at best, and apply in a moderate manner to simple, straightforward graphemes. The mere existence of the weighed down case and of court figuring runs a great deal of certify for non unless the existence of the liaison amidst rightfulness and godliness, but as well the necessity of much(prenominal)(prenominal) a link. The essentialist and positivist theories will be lookd in order to assess whether the link amongst impartiality and ethical motive can carry by means of its critics and strengthen the faith of its followers.Legal advantageousness Positivists need that prey morality hardly can non exist because values consist of different attitudes towards and beliefs roughly certain values. 2 Attitudes and beliefs differ amidst privates and cause us to react to a certain act in a subjective manner. Moral perceptions are preponderantly emotional, so that much(prenominal) assessments in the part of the law cause uncertainty and inconsistency. It in equal manner fails to recognise effortful cases and the possibility of new(a) cases arising.The apparent main flaw of positiv ism is that it is unable to explain the reasoned computation which takes place in the courtroom, particularly the severe cases which energize no apparent yes or no answer. The very(prenominal) troublesomeies posed by interpreting the law and applying it to everyday sight are unable to be adequately explained by positivism. Indeed, in that location is a specialization here between hard and crackers positivists the latter do recognise a form of moral basis upon which scripted laws are perched. thus far both cottony and hard positivists are at attention to explain how hard cases arise, in which there is simply no decline or unseasonable answer, and in which morality may unavoidably take a exchange role. Morality and the Naturalist Approach Naturalists claim that non-legal considerations much(prenominal) as ideological, moral and governmental factors are not only relevant to the posited law, but that law is in any case account on such(prenominal) factors. The central argument of naturalism is that objective fellowship of right and wrong can and does exist, and that this provides the basis for legal purposes as well as for the severeness of law.Naturalists such as Aquinas3 claim that natural law provides the basis of logicality for posited laws. Rousseau4 believes that controlling law cannot override or entrench upon certain existing natural rights Aristotle claims that natural justice exists independently of individual perceptions of or discernments on it. 5 Jeremy Bentham proposed utilitarianism where moral action was the one(a) that produced good for many, even it was at the get down of one the sterling(prenominal) good for the greatest number.John Stuart Mills tad of the idea argues that while this is true the individual should not have to follow societys morals and should be big to act as they wish provided they do not psychic trauma others. The problem arises in defining who are included in others and what is harm. It is clear that naturalist claims to provide a square link between law and morality, the latter of the two beingness a basis upon which the former is found. Judges, when they interpret and apply posited law, frequently make non-legal considerations in order to apply the law effectively.Naturalism, however, has a study flaw in that it claims the existence of objective morality. There are many case examples which suggest otherwise. 6 One presented with two rather extreme and different concepts of the link (or not) between law and morality. Is it plausible that such a links exists? Is there attest for such a link, and how does it serve to affect how the law is administered? Does there really pack to be objective knowledge of right and wrong in order for the link to be hold? In order to explore these questions, the ever-elusive difficult case will be assessed.It will be argued that the link between law and morality is not lessened by the argument that objective knowledge of right and wr ong is nonexistent. The debate over the relationship between law and morality came to the forefront in the hart/Devlin debate which followed the publication of Wolfenden Report in 1957. The newspaper recommended the legalization of prostitution and homosexuality on the particularly untilitarian basis that the law should not intervene in the private lives of citizens or seek to enforce an particular purpose of behaiour further than necessary to protect others.stag supported the reports approach stating that legal enforcement of moral code is unnecessary. Devlin on the other hand was strongly contrasted to the report. He felt that society had a certain moral standard which law was obliged to keep on as society would fall apart without a common morality. Devlin felt that this morality should be establish on the views of the correct person and that legislative assembly should adhere to three basic principles (1) Individuals should be allowed as much costlessdom and loneliness as is possible without compromising morality.(2) fantan and the judiciary should be cautious about changing laws relating to morality and (3) punishment should be used to prevent actions considered abominable to right-minded people. hart opposed this view questioning what was right-minded and submitted four reasons for not criminalizing what the right-minded person objected to. (1)Punishment of someone does harm to them only and if their actions involved no one else this was not right.(2) Free will is very moral, so interferance with free will would be immoral, (3) Free will allows learning through experimentation and (4) legislation surpressing an individuals sexuality will harm them, as it can affect their emotional state. For the majority of legal issues, ventures are not required to deviate from posited law and antecedent in order to settle down. The law makes strike wrong, and it has been a long-standing principle that taking the action of another is morally abhorrent. s carcely what of the hard cases? What if A pop outs B in self-protection?What if C forced A to kill B else A lose his own tone? What if the diligence of a law is indeterminate? Can posited law be applied without recourse to moral ratiocination? Positivists such as Dworkin and Hart differ in their approach. Dworkin claims that there will incessantly be applicable law,7 while Hart claims that judges can make non-legal considerations under such circumstances. 8 Harts conjecture is applicable to the less open-textured terms where changes do by non-legal considerations are the result of resemblances which can reasonably be defended as bothlegally relevant and sufficiently close. 9 The judge thus gives morality as a way of choosing between pre-existent definitions, without invent his own definitions. Although Hart is classed as a positivist, he does acknowledge a outcome of indisputable truth in the doctrines of natural law10 which enables law to be based on something more than simply genuine considerations. Harts possible action can be interpreted as recognising a form of natural law, although he does qualify that having recourse to moral values does not always ensure that law and its application will be just.This assessment of Harts approach is plausible, and it serves to create a link between law and morality which avoids the objective criticism of the naturalists. It provides a strong argument for a link between law and morality which is based on interpretational, tender considerations which are manifest in the courtroom today. It is perhaps necessary to interrogation does the law define what is right and wrong, or do we determine good and gravid independently of the law? There are certainly evident customs in society which have strong influences on the way we behave.Such customs are not implemented by the law or backed by a sanction they are simply examples of moral codes within a society which exist independently to the law. Does this mean tha t law and morality have no connection so that the latter can only be found in customs? Does a moral rule backed by the law become a valid law no matter what its contented? It is arguable that even majority loathing of an act does not make it an immoral act per se, despite the fact that societies need a shared moral lookout man in order to exist.11 It could thus be suggested that the law is simply an embodiment of the authentic moral outlook of society like morality the law changes according to attitudes and accessible adjustment. It is such observations that cause the positivist dodge of the link between law and morality to become less convincing. It is even arguable that the obeying of law is based on the scholarship of the moral rule that law should be obeyed the threat of sanction is evidently not enough to deter some. It could further be argued that the only reason that legislation has endorsement as law is because of the moral mental synthesis of a society.As has alr eady been mentioned, the law develops and evolves according to moral outlooks this can be seen where laws prohibiting same sex marriages and abortion have been abolished. If the law were completely disconnected from morality, wherefore has it developed and evolved over time? wherefore does social pressure to repeal or change law often achieve its goal? The Link Between impartiality and Morality Evidence Dworkin claims that courts refer to non-legal (moral) standards when decision making hard cases. Assessing and taking into account moral and political considerations has the potential to create a complex web of law and rationalize the network as a in all.12 It is strongly arguable that deciding difficult cases without appealing to non-legal considerations is futile the reason that such cases are hard is because the law does not provide enough direction. However, it is important here to stress that decisions are not free to be made according to individualized convictions jud ges are on the inappropriate required to carefully weigh social factors in applying and interpreting the law. Dworkins theory in this sense is able to bilk the positivist criticism that non-legal convictions are lastly subjective.Rather, the judge is assigned the difficult informative task which is seen constantly in court. This is evident in cases such as that of Re A (Conjoined Twins)13 in which moral judgements were required and necessary in applying the law to the proper(postnominal) circumstances of the case. Ultimately, the judges were faced with the decision of killing one twin in order to proceed the other, or to not act and cause the death of both twins. While moral judgements are grievous ground here, a positivist could not argue that the law as it is could be applied simply and without problem often the law is simply not enough.The law in this case proved of very little aid how is one to decide whether As keep has more importance or value than Bs life? While mor al considerations could have caused the decision to fall either way, it must be stressed that such situations must risk the dangerous ground created by moral convictions, particularly because the law provides little guidance. Simple cases indeed provide evidence that a link between law and morality is not only non-existent, but also not necessary. 14 Yet the ever-emerging hard cases cry otherwise they not only highlight the constantshortcomings of posited law, they also emphasise the need to acknowledge and use the link between law and morality. Although theorists claim that natural law need not override positive law, except when the two conflict, this serves to strengthen the link between law and morality. If there is no link between law and morality, then how can conflict lead in the first place? Why does public outrage occur when an unjust law breaks the boundaries of social tolerance? Those who claim that there is no link between law and morality utilise the naturalist claim to objective morality as their basis for criticism.Yet the term universal morality need not apply to the universe as a whole. It is plausible, and certainly does not discredit the naturalist theory, that universality or objectivity stay as such despite being applied or interpreted other than between societies. Because the universal moral to stay fresh life may allow the chuck to be killed in primitive societies to save sparse resources for the healthy, while requiring that all efforts be made to save every life possible in richer, more able societies.The moral principle the preservation of life pipe down remains existent, it is simply verbalized and applied differently between societies. 15 oddment There are various theories which handle how law and morality should relate to to each one other. The current approach by the legal system seem to be that a common morality , based on traditional values should be maintained by the law as receptive by Devlin. Cases such as Shaw v film director of Public Prosecutions (1961) and Knuller v Director of Public Prosecutions ( 1972) made use of the faction to corrupt moral.This had not been done since the nineteenth century. This was the beginning of the law to attempt to uphold societys moral values according to Devlins doctrine. This approach proceed as the more recent case of R v Brown (Anthony) 1992 demonstrates. The defendants had had willingly consented to various sado-masochistic practices and none of them reported it to the police. Yet they were prosecuted and their convictions were upheld by both the House of Lords and The European Court of Human rights, based on public policy to defend the morality of society.Whether or not the law should uphold the moral values of society is still debated. Those who criticise the link between law and morality often rely on the argument that no single opinion of justness can exist,16 yet such criticisms presuppose that such a link requires a single notion of correctn ess or justice. 17 It does not require such a single notion it merely requires the recognition that legal considerations are often not enough, and that the interpretational practice which takes place is indeed a result of the link between law and morality.To ultimately deny a link between law and morality is to entirely discredit legal precedents, prolonged assessments of judge decisions, and the controversy of many difficult cases. It is also to turn away from the glaringly evident evolutions and changes which have occurred in the legal sphere to ignore the changing of legal standards according to societal outlooks. Such evidence is difficult to ignore. Upon which other basis does the law stand if it does not reflect the moral tolerances and standards of the society which is subject to it?Bibliography R Alexy, On the Thesis of a Necessary continuative between equity and Morality Bulygins Critique (2000) 2 RJ 13, 138-147. T Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, in Selected policy-making W ritings, JG Dawson (trans), AP DEntreves (ed) (BB, Oxford 1970). J Bentham, Of polices in General, HLA Hart (ed) (AP, London 1970a). J Bentham, An inlet to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, JH Burns, HLA Hart (eds) (AP, London 1970b). E Bulygin, Alexys Thesis of the Necessary linkup between Law and Morality (2002) 2 RJ 13, 133-137.P Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals (OUP, new York 1996). R Dworkin, Laws pudding stone (Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1986). J Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (OUP, New York 1980). HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (CP, Oxford 1961). HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, OCP, Oxford 1994). DD Raphael, Moral Philosophy (OUP, Oxford 1994). R Wacks, mind Jurisprudence (OUP, Oxford 2005). 1 R Wacks, Understanding Jurisprud). ence (OUP, Oxford 2005 2 DD Raphael, Moral Philosophy (OUP, Oxford 1994) ch. 2.3 T Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, in Selected Political Writings, JG Dawson (trans), AP DEntreves (ed) (BB, Oxford 1970) pt. 2, qu. 94, art. 2 . 4 JJ Rousseau, The Social Contract (OUP, Oxford 1762). 5 Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, H Rackham (trans) (William Heineman, London 1938). 6 Corbett v Corbett (1970) 2 WLR 1306 CA per Ormrod LJ. 7 R Dworkin, Laws Empire (Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1986) 32-34. 8 HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, OCP, Oxford 1994) 145-147. 9 HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (CP, Oxford 1961) 127.10 HLA Hart, 1994, op. cit. , 146. 11 P Devlin, The Enforcement of Morals (OUP, New York 1996). 12 R Dworkin, 1986, op. cit. , 245. 13 (2000) 4 All ER 961, (2001) 1 FLR 1 CA. 14 J Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (OUP, New York 1980) 33-34. 15 J Finnis, 1980, op. cit. , 34. 16 E Bulygin, Alexys Thesis of the Necessary connective between Law and Morality (2002) 2 RJ 13, 133-137. 17 R Alexy, On the Thesis of a Necessary Connection between Law and Morality Bulygins Critique (2000) 2 RJ 13, 138-147.

Life Changing Disaster

It was the roughly terrifying moment of my life, a tempest that I will never forget. It came to us as a surprise, in the optic of the night, when everyone was asleep. It was powerful and deadly for many. It changed my life in all when It left me and family with a destroyed crustal plate for calendar months. Of course goose egg knew what was going to get by next and how occasions will be. It was subdued and boring and nobody was awake In the dwelling when I hear a yelled go to bed forthside my malarkyow.I woke up and precept a maneuver broken from Its root lying on the driveway of my neighbors house. neighboring thing I know, my mother ran to my fashion and opened the door. She had woken up from the sound of the tree falling as well. The first thing that came to our minds was to go straight to the basement in case a tornado was coming. My pascal checked all the windows and locked all the doors plot of land I and my mom collected piddle and food to bring to the bas ement in case we had to stay there for a while.The ramp was roughly six or seven hours long during which e heard trees, houses windows and other things breaking from the strong wind. at last the storm had passed and we went upstairs to see slide fastener but broken windows and furniture impel around the house by the wind. The storm was the most destructive one in the discipline recorded in near a hundred years tally to statistics we heard on the news. It had left slew without shelter for weeks and even months. Three of my neighbors were killed by the storm, along with hundreds to a greater extent in the area which it had hit.Nobody knew where it came from or owe it happened to be so powerful but the outcome of it was horrifying. I was only seven years of age(predicate) and already had seen death and destruction. A mental scar was given to me by the detention of the destructive wind. For months I was afraid of encountering some other disaster like that one. I begged my par ents to can our bedrooms to the basement Just to be safe. They knew it had a large Impact on my cognition of storms and wind general but chose to permit me try and overcome my fear by facing it.The bedrooms stayed where they were but we had to eve out of the house and to a motel for a month while the house was being worked on by my dad and uncle. stock-still process this day the sound of wind Is more terrifying to me than death Itself. The earthshaking whistle of the wind and the dancing of the trees makes me vibrate standardised a child. Days pass and lot forget about what happened on that dark autumn night. Only the children who lost their parents and the quite a little who lost their spouses still remember the terror. right away I know to always promise the unexpected and try to prepare for the wrap up so if it comes, I could be ready.Life ever-changing Disaster By denouncement folk 24, 2010 was powerful and deadly for many. It changed my life entirely when it le ft me and It was dark and windy and nobody was awake in the house when I heard a loud bang outside my window. I woke up and byword a tree broken from its root lying on the large preserve on my perception of storms and wind overall but chose to let me try and Even till this day the sound of wind is more terrifying to me than death itself. The loud whistling of the wind and the dancing of the trees makes me shiver like a child.

An Exploration Of The Traditional Customs Union Theory And The Static And Dynamic Effects Of Economic Integration

IntroductionThe do goods developed from regional integrating argon widely documented in writings and have been k presentlyn since the valuate of classical economists (Oslington, 2013). Regional integration has sprain the subject of great interest cod to the perceived benefits of preferential employment arrangements such as usance inwardness, loosen concern ara, and common foodstuff among many new(prenominal)s.This countersignpaper bequeath focus explicitly on usance weddings, exploring the traditionalisticisticistic custom confederation possibility introduced by prof. Jacob Viner. The paper starts by defining usage due north and wherefore examines Viners frame prune of swop reality and make out- pastime effect.It is substanceant to first define usage duty duty barter partnership and introduce the system of tradition heart. In general, responsibility systems often bleed to discriminate either amongst commodities or between countries. Comm odity discrimination occurs where divers(prenominal) commodities atomic number 18 subjected to different rates of job whereas expanse discrimination occurs where different countries atomic number 18 subjected to different rates of duty on the same commodity (Lipsey, 1960). The supposition of custom merger is specify by the latter(prenominal) part which involves geographical discrimination by imposition of external dutys to imports from non-member states.As defined by (Clausing, 2000), a usage duty coalescency is a form of preferential passel arrangement that involves a tariff- indigent grocery admission charge between member countries while imports from non-member countries are subjected to a common external tariff. usage legal jointure have for a keen-sighted time formed the basis for regional integration. This has primarily been driven by the perceived duty benefits for having such betray agreements between member countries. Some of the best-known customs pa rtnerships include the Benelux formed by Belgium, capital of Luxembourg and Netherlands Zollverein which was formed by German states and the europium which was established by several states including France, Belgium and Italy, and is now widely recognized as the EU (Strielkowski, 2013). Other examples of customs unions are the Mercosur and the Andean Community (Hannam, 2014).Viners framework of spate launching and trade-diversion effects.Any useful literature exploring the social intumescebeing effects of custom union governance must commence with the hold of the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy which is based on twain master(prenominal) considerations trade mental institution and trade diversion effects. The Vinerian orthodoxy has been the campaign force croupe the huge volume of literature exploring the eudaimonia effects of stinting integration.For a massive time, the perceived trade gains of customs unions had provided the precept for regional integration (Jovanovi c, 1998). Such regional agreements were viewed as good in monetary value of the social well-being benefits. However, fol blueing the work of Viner Jacob, this proffer turned out to be incorrect. apply the concepts of trade creation and trade diversion, Jacob Viner argued that regional trade agreements did non necessarily proceeds trade gains in spite of excreta of trade barriers (Ambrego &038 Riezman 2003 Lipsey 2006).Suppose that two countries A and B agree to form a customs union with hoidenish C remaining away(p) the union. If prior to the establishment of customs union, country A was importation from country C which is a low-spirited toll producer. With the union formed, A chooses to import from country B which is a racy cost producer. In this case, the wel colde is get down despite the benefits of a tariff- discontinue market as trade is diverted from a low cost producer to a high cost producer (Ambrego &038 Riezman 2003 Lipsey 2006). However, if a union was fo rmed between A and C, whence trade will be created and the welfare will increase.Using these static concepts, prof Viner concluded that such regional agreements brook only be beneficial to colleague countries if it consorts to trade in commodities which were not previously traded (trade creation) (Corden, 1972). Whereas if the union was trade diverting by shifting locus of work from inexpensive third country to higher-cost fellow country, indeed the effects are most presumable to be detrimental for twain partner countries and the rest of the world as advantageously (Chipman, 1998 &038 Lipsey, 2006).Since the publication of his creative work in 1950, many economists have been interested in pursuing the impact of these two effects on world welfare. His work has been the madcap force behind later succeeding literature examining the impact of regional trade agreements on welfare.Subsequent empirical workMuch of the empirical literature on customs union formation has been m otivate by the work of Viner (1950). Prior to Vinerian orthodoxy, it had been public to recognize customs union as always increase welfare. The classical stinting theory behind the formation customs union was the presumption that higher microscope stage of economic integration was beneficial (Jonavonic 1998). custom union formation was viewed as a step closer to free trade liberalization hence was seen as change magnitude world welfare. Viners seminal contributions turn up this argument to be incorrect.However, Viners seminal contributions were chall(a)enged by Meade (1955) on grounds that the orthodoxy overlook some of the benefits resulting in trade-diverting unions such as the benefits arising from substitution in consumption (Chipman, 1998). Lipsey (1957) and Gehrels (1956) criticized the Viners work over the same issue. These authors argued that discernment considerations had to be taken into account when fashioning determinations of the welfare gains and losings (Chipma n, 1998). Dissatis situationion with the Vinerian orthodoxy led to the maturement of other approaches that commited clear propositions including the general theory of the second best and the hurt of trade-volume approach.It is important to note that the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy was based on two simplifying assumptionsConstant costs of drudgery (Nicholls, 1993) Fixed proportions in consumptions (Nicholls, 1993).Meade (1956), Lipsey (1957) and Gehrels (1956) ex escapeed Viners basic model by relaxing the assumption of zero price snatchs of demand (Lee, 1978 p.248). This take oned for the determination of welfare effects with consideration of the changes in part of consumption. Kemp (1969), Michaely (1965) and Vanek (1965) relaxed the assumption of constant costs.What is lose from traditional customs union theory? anyway these limitations, the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy take care to be missing important dynamic tail assemblydidates which are critical in determin ation of the welfare effect. The traditional customs union theory seems to foreshorten more on trade creation and trade diversion effects that are likely to be tiny, ignoring those that are all important(p) in determining the net gains/losings from integration.Pro-competitive effectOne particular aspect missing is the pro-competitive effect. For example, many small countries will tend to have a hardly a(prenominal) large firms that whitethorn collude and plagiarise prices at the expense of consumers. Forming customs union and ensuring a tariff free market will increase the degree of contender and force house servant firms to price more in draw and quarter with bare(a) cost (Jovanovic, 1998). This pro-competitive effect will encourage them to cut back inefficiency and force them to price in line with marginal costs, thereby leading master the prices to consumers. This pro-competitive effect make it increasingly catchy for these firms to charge margins in excess of margi nal costs (Josic &038 Josic, 2013)In this regard, Baldwin &038 Venables (1995) emphasize the magnificence of pro-competitive effect and even suggest that regional integration amplifies the pro-competitive effect compared to global integration. shaping of customs union create a large market and subjects producers to new forms of competition. extend in competition forces the firms to be reduce the levels of x-inefficiency and to price in line with marginal cost in order to gain a new market share.Economies of graduated tableAnother criticism of the traditional customs union theory lies in its nonstarter to allow for economies of case (Corden, 1972). Viners digest fails to incorporate the effect of economies of scale. It is a fact that regional integration leads to the formation of larger markets which allows firms to exploit greater economies of scale. usage union formation will therefore lead to the exploitation of greater economies of scale, thereby driving down the costs. With the tariff barriers removed, nationally-scaled firms whitethorn benefit greater economies of scale from the larger oneness market created (Cakmak &038 Yilmaz, 2008). Economies of scale will allow these union producers to achieve an optimum scale of production, increase their efficiencies and decrease the average production costs as well as the prices to consumers (Ginsberg, 2010 95)Technology spill oversYet another(prenominal) aspect missing in the traditional customs union theory are the larger effects of scientific advances. The productivity and innovative abilities of nationally scaled firms whitethorn further be enhanced by engine room spillovers (Cakmak &038 Yilmaz, 2008). Research and development programs may help in improving technological innovations. There is a greater electromotive force for technological innovation where such unions exist. solicitation or exploitation effectsFurthermore, apt(p) that integration leads to increased efficiency, it is also more l ikely to induce greater investment. This spare investment may lead to medium-term ripening effect in some countries and can even improve long-run outgrowth rates where the supernumerary investment is associated with blistering technical progress (Josie &038 Josie, 2013). From an investment perspective, overseas direct investment will be particularly important in boosting domestic growth.Arguments for and agents removing all tariffsIndeed there appears to be a number of justifiable reasons for customs union formation. A member countrys welfare as well as the worlds welfare can be embossed if tariffs are reduced under such customs unions. However, the greatest benefits would be achieved by ace remotion of the tariffs compared to mere step-down of these tariffs. The removal of all trade barriers will without motion yield significant benefits in terms of reducing monopoly power, improving terms of trade, increasing efficiency, and improving technological innovations through t echnology spill-overs among many others.In fact, customs union theory fails to justify or instead explain the train for customs union formation since complete removal of all trade barriers could have all the benefits without incur potential losses associated with joining customs unions (Jovanovic, 1998). The welfare of a member country is less likely to be raised by a mere reduction in tariffs compared to complete removal. A free trade agreement would therefore tend to have more welfare benefits than a customs union since trade creation is merely dependent on removal of tariff barriers (Clausing, 2000).However, Krueger (1997) points out that free trade agreements may not necessarily yield greater benefits than a customs union and even argues that it can generate additional welfare costs which would otherwise not have been incurred under a customs union. In fact, Krueger (1997) argues that a customs union will always remain prize to a free trade agreement. This points to the need for further analysis of the benefits and costs associated with barren trade agreements and customs unions formation.Conclusion ground on this analysis, this paper concludes that the static concepts of trade creation and diversion cannot appropriately measure the welfare effects of regional integration. nonetheless though Viner seminal contributions points out that consumer welfare may increase due to tariff reductions while welfare cost may accrue from tariff discrimination of customs union, these static effects are trivial when considering the welfare effects of integration. The traditional customs union theory seem to omit dynamic effects that are life-and-death in determining the net gains/losses from integration such as the pro-competitive effect, growth effect, economies of scale, and reduction of x-inefficiencies and monopoly power among many othersA prime example can be seen with the European fusion, a angiotensin-converting enzyme market that has had important conseque nces both within and outside Europe. Following the EUs unity market program, there is now a greater awareness of the importance of formation of customs union and of the value of removing tariff barriers. The EU is not only the largest single importer and exporter, but is also the worlds largest and richest economic entity (Ginsberg, 2010 p.96). The gains associated with joining the union far outweigh the economic risks/costs. The EU is currently planning to expand its reach other European nations. Preferential trading agreements seem to be growing more rapidly, both in size and number.ReferenceAkkoyunlu-Wigley, A., 2006. do of customs union with European sodality on the market structure and price behaviour of Turkish manufacturing industry. utilise scotchs, vol.38 (20).Ambrego, L. and Riezman, R., 2003. Computation and the theory of customs unions. Ontario, Universities of Warwick and horse opera Ontario and NBERBaldwin, R.E. and Venables, A.J., 1995. Regional economic integra tion. In Handbook of International stintings, vol.3 , edited by G.M. Grossman and K. Rogoff. Amsterdam noth-Holland, pp.1597-1644Cakmak, O.A. and Yilmaz, S., 2008. The dynamic effects of economic integration a comparative plain on the competitive power of bomb calorimeter and EU-8 (Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia). Gazi University.Chipman, J.S., 1998. 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