Mainstream Literature Does this Worsen the Text?

Mainstream literary disciplines Does this Worsen the Text?How far does conceding to the fashionable mainstream strip a text of its literariness?(Explore the trends in which your chosen essay texts negotiate competing demands of literary and the usual)William Faulkner tell of Ernest Hemingway He has never been cognise to usage a raillery that susceptibility send a reader to the dictionary (UOI, 1947) attempting to demean the literariness of his litigates. Hemingway responded measly Faulkner. Does he legitimately think big emotions come from big words? I know them whole right. But t here argon cardinaltime(a) and simpler and better words, and those are the whiz and only(a)s I remove. (Ross, 1950) His response to Faulkners elitism suggests that a text does non become to adhere to the implicit, often judgemental rules that shape a piece of spring as literary in order to be fit of much(prenominal)(prenominal) a title. Using the poems of Linton Kwesi Johnson and The hunger Games by Susanne Collins, I entrust disassemble how two authors navigate the fine line among what is step forwardular and what is literary, and whether this affects the overall imp motion of their work or its integrity as literary fiction. I intend to contend that a text does non live to pass on itself in a literary fashion in order to be considered nonable of the circumstance literary, and similarly, literary texts open fire exist without con relieve mavinselfing to the demands of mainstream gardening whilst still creation appreciated by current society.In its simplest definition, publications is simply a written work it is only when we place the boundaries of what is considered expert, or art, upon it that there becomes any kind of speculation as to whether a writers work is literary or not. In contrast, ordinary tillage is a term associated with primarily Western entertainment, password, technology and sports. In its initial suppositionion, th e musical theme of popular was one associated with the uneducated working class, in comparison to the literary assimilation of the upper classes. Pop gardening was the culture of those outside the personnel formation it was entirely separate from scorned and excluded by those in power, who had their get decreed culture (Berrong, 1986). As a result, there is an on divergence elitism toward popular culture, with some labelling it trite or unintelligent, or suggesting that low culture stress substance, form and being totally subservient there is no explicit touch on with abstract ideas or even with put on forms of contemporary social problems and issues content to depict handed-down working class values. (Gans, 2008) As a result, creators and auditions of popular culture are by association considered to be superficial or lacking in intellect. customary fiction is defined as plat-driven fictional kit and caboodle, written with the intent of fitting into a specific liter ary genre, (French, 2010) so as to appeal to mainstream readers who buy into the pre-existing format beca engross it is familiar, recognisable and good digested. These so-called conventions of popular fiction are specific performtings, roles, events and values that define individual genres and their subgenres (McKee, 1997) and often, publishing houses are known to present obligatory guidelines for authors to follow in order to have their works considered for publication. Any literature in fitting with these conventions is usually considered separate from literary fiction by critics for being stereo characteristic and poorly written those texts are created solely to provide flight to its readership as opposed to meaningful, carefully crafted prose that might incite thought or action. Literary fiction refers to works that hold so-called literary merit, which here gist that they comprise of political commentary, comments on societal hegemonic ideologies and the human condition. m anage its popular counterpart, literary fiction is written theatrical rolely with its own set of conventions in mind, with the difference being that the focus of the works involved lingers to a greater extent on themes than on fast-paced plot advanceion or audience appeal. It is arguable that pop culture is the easiest way to appease the mainstream, an audience essentially nock up of young people technology has transformed culture, oddly popular culture, into the primary educational site in which juvenility take away about themselves and the larger cosmos (Giroux, 2000). There has always been contentious statement regarding the discrepancies amidst proud art, a category into which literature falls, and popular culture. However, it is arguable that this debate is obsolete the distinction between the two is blurred further because a piece of work is easily doorible and appeals to the push-down storees, does not ineluctably make its credibility or deem it an unintellig ent piece of work that is lacking in thought. A televised adaptation of Austens Pride and Prejudice, or Baz Luhrmans new-fashioned reimagining of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, for instance, could be considered literary in an intertextual manner, being as their origins hail from genuine literature. For instance, author John Storey would argue that the quantitative definition of culture has the problem that much high culture is excessively popular (Storey, 2014), make the two difficult to separate into distinguishable categories. It also could be s maintenance that pop culture is to a greater extent(prenominal) intrinsic to society than so called high art, because it wields so much influence over the general public and which media they do or do not consume in the struggle over the symbolic order that characterizes our times, popular culture developed by flap a line brands and various forms of media, including the Hollywood film industry is crucial in creating the identities and representations that our youth embrace (Reynolds 2006).Linton Kwesi Johnson is a Jamaican writer based in the united Kingdom the second living poet, and the only poet of colour, to be immortalised in the Penguin late Classics collection. Johnson is a dub poet a genre that is, according to him, overcompensation for deprecation and as a writer, refuses to conform to English measuring rods of poetry he uses Creole dialect as a political statement, defying the expectations society holds for poets. This phonetic, unstandardized transcription of his own lecture is surely not that of great literary figures Jane Austen, George Orwell or Charles Dickens, and yet, he has been awarded the well-situated PEN award in 2012 for a Lifetimes Distinguished Service to Literature. His idea of poetry has been passed with generations, and did not simply consist of standard have Pronunciation English or what was deemed publishable entirely included traditional slave songs. Johnsons poetry is heavily shake by the Black jaguar movement, a group in which he became active during his school old age their belief being that violence in the scene of constant racism is necessary, using militant revolutionary force against the racist guard and separatism of 1960s London. He himself describes his opus as a political act poetry was a cultural weapon (Wroe, 2008). It was during Johnsons childhood that the SAS law, or the 1824 vagrancy act, was reintroduced, which enabled the police to hold up someone they suspected had intentions of committing a crime, allowing police to exploit and arrest people of colour in London without any evidence. The subject discipline of his poetry is usually political, depicting his insures as an African-Carribean living in Britain, only when has also focused on foreign policies and police brutality.Johnsons poem If I woz a tap natch poet serves not only as an example of his degeneracy from the conventions of literary work however at the same time describes his rejection of the canon, and his interstitial position between musician and poet, between high art and popular culture, between authorities and aesthetics (McGill 2003). For instance, he begins if I waz a tap-natch poet, like Chris Okigbo, Derek Walcot ar T.S Eliot (Johnson, 2004) the crack challenges any predispositions suggesting that canons operate according to transparent principles of coherency or homogeneity. Chris Okigbo signals an choice to the Western Canon advocated by critics. In contrast, Derek Walcott is a Nobel laureate, and his appearance suggests a movement back towards conservative tastes. However, the inclusion of T.S. Eliot demonstrates that the canon Johnson is crafting is unfortunately one made up entirely of people of colour. He continues by apothegm if he were top-notch himself, he would write a poem soh dyam fat/dat it bittah-sweet (Johnson, 2004), implying that the works of Okigbo, Walcott and Eliot create work that is deep or pos es intellectual enquirys, a prerequisite of literariness. Moreover, the poem appears to carry an opposite irony when tumbled more thoroughly in that T. S Eliot appears as a token blanched poet, which is reflective of the way in which right-wing institutions that anthologise the zeitgeist of the times, such as anthologies, are known for including very hardly a(prenominal) people of colour, sometimes on the nose a single person, to demonstrate supposed diversity and avoid admonition or backlash from minorities.On perhaps the other end of the literary spectrum to Johnson is Suzanne Collins, an American writer, renowned for her young adult dystopian trilogy The Hunger Games. She was born(p) in Harvard, Connecticut but being the daughter of a forces rightr, consistently moved across America. Consequently, inspired by her fathers career in the Air Force, her work tackles themes of war and its effects on the being, including poverty, starvation and bare civilian death. The Hung er Games is set in Panem, a post-apocalyptic America made up of the Capitol and 12 surrounding districts every year, two children from each district, mannish and female, are chosen to take part in an obligatory, televised engagement to the death, known as the Hunger Games. The staggering popularity of her work resulted in her being named one of Time magazines most influential people of 2010 and as of March 2012, became the best-selling(predicate) Kindle author of all time. It is not unusual for creators of literature to use so called pop culture tropes and fascinate them into high culture works with the blurred lines of literary and popular counterbalance identifiable in the romantic period where romance fiction became a substantial influence on future literature, despite having been previously disparaged. More recent examples include Andy Warhols use of the Campbell soup can in his pop art, as well as artist Jeff Koons purposeualising kitsch and pornography, subject matters o ften vilified for lacking in culture or finesse, to create new work which is supposedly worthier of the label high art.This corresponding technique of intertextuality and the idea that any one piece of literature is created by combining several others is arguably certify in Collins dystopian original on the sur flavour, it is a young adult romance implementing the typical formulaic conventions and character archetypes evidenced in the majority of mainstream pop culture, arguably inspired by the critical success of Stephanie Meyers Twilight saga. However, when discussing the origin of The Hunger Games, Collins cites the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur as the most significant inspiration for her watchword a classic Greek tale wherein Minos forces the people of Athens to sacrifice 14 women and children to be slaughtered by the Minotaur in the never-ending labyrinth. She also interweaved the concept of the Roman gladiator games an all-powerful and ruthless government, people force d to fight to the death, and the games role as a source of popular information ( pedant, 2010) and in doing so, she successfully brings renowned, classic Greek literature to the mainstream audiences, albeit in a more easily digestible fashion, by reimagining the stories in a fashion that appeals to pop culture fans.Contrastingly, Johnsons poetry focuses not on fabled morality tales, but on real tone issues of racism, segregation and police brutality, particularly in London, where he grew up. It can be assumed that, as this is not a topic to which popular culture utilise for its audiences, he does not solicitude himself with the opinions of critics, or of his audience for that matter, on his work. It is my understanding that it is more important for Johnson to advertise anti-racial messages and protest against the mistreatment of people of colour. Johnson himself said that penning anti-establishment poetry during the Race Riots could be considered an act of protest, an act that c ould have been to his great detriment as a result of the United Kingdoms fervent racism. This shows Johnson to have integrity he is writing about what he believes is important and worth saying one way to perform a test of literary merit must be, first, the distressfulness of the writer. I would be allow foring, I think, even to add the seriousness of purpose of the writer (Peters, 2006). From this, one can argue that Johnsons sincerity in his writing of his experiences, and his determination to express anger and encourage reactions to political issues makes his work literary. In If I waz a tap-natch poet, he purposely distinguishes himself from any of the other writers he mentions he seems to exist in a liminal outer space, and it is difficult to discern where he sees himself within the hierarchy of literary and popular. It is arguable that he doesnt consider himself a part of either category, because neither of them serve any importance to him. However, whether a text is deemed literary or popular is very rarely a decision made by its own creator Johnson is simply distancing himself from the process, as he feels it is unnecessary. Although his work holds no evidence of popular culture references, it is certainly popular amongst a specific minority group people of colour. They have experienced many of the atrocities he writes of, and can relate to them in a way that the white Western mainstream cannot. As a result, I would argue that Johnsons writing is certainly popular amongst a niche audience, and that appealing to the mass market is not the only category that makes a text honourable of the title. Johnson first became active in the poet community in school, but he was not published until 1974, in the journal Race Today. In the same year, Harper downwinds controversial bildungsroman To Kill a Mockingbird was also released. some(prenominal) Johnson and Lee tackle the subject matter of racism, albeit in different areas of the world, and Lees novel is regarded as one of the greatest of our generation. The difference between Harper Lee and Linton Kwesi Johnson is that one is a privileged white woman, and the other a Jamaican man of working-class background, whose poetry is not isnt carefully pre-packaged in the standard Oxford Dictionary English, the mainstream being young white heterosexual teenagers, who of course, prefer to entrance fee literature in this way. Johnson is angry about his mistreatment, and that of so many other people of colour, at the hands of white policemen and politicians and civilians. When declaring a text worthy of literary merit, critics significantly consider the moral or messages the story is trying to create, usually through the medium of symbolism or simile. The metonymic concept of bread and circuses becomes particularly apt when looking at The Hunger Games, as the Latin translation Panem et circenses served as inspiration for the name of the novels fictional setting, Panem. The phrase, first used by Juvenal, who was degrading the sheep-like nature of common people, their selfishness and obliviousness to wider look ups and civil duty, alludes to an appeasement with a lack of substance. It refers to the way in which supposedly pop governments make use of superficial distractions to satisfy the immediate, shallow requirements of a macrocosm in order to continue to manipulate them for hegemonic gain. Although this could make reference to the Capitols attempts to still the districts so they cannot overthrow their regime and dismantle their hierarchy, it could also be an allegory for the way in which popular culture works in the real world. When taking a Marxist reading of the novel, it is arguable that Collins was inspired by the Industrial Revolution, most noticeably the living conditions in nineteenth century Europe. Katniss illustrates this by saying What must it be like, I wonder, to digest in world where food appears at the press of a outlet? How would I spend the hou rs I now commit to combing the woodwind instrument for sustenance if it were so easy to come by (Collins, 2008). Collins plot coincides with Marxs socia careen philosophy Panem is comprised of two groups, the proletariat, or the people of the districts, and the bourgeoisie, or the Capitol. This highlights what is a fundamentally unfair schema wherein the majority of wealth is held by the minority whilst the general public struggle to maintain a living. This is further evidenced by President Snows hosting of the Hunger Games, themselves, wherein his government hold complete power over the Districts and their people, who have absolutely no hope of ascending to high status. Katniss, the protagonist of the novel, lives in the district that is hardest hit by the Capitols regime. She represents the last of the proletariat, whereas the finisher the districts are to the Capitol, the more advantageous Its tempting, so tempting, when I see the unselfishness waiting there before me. And I know that if I dont get it, someone else will. That the Career Tributes who survive the bloodbath will divide up most of these life-sustaining spoils. (Collins, 2008) Here, Katniss describes the Career tributes are more assertable to survive, having get training for their entire lives to prepare for the games. Whilst Districts One and Two still have to supply children for the games, this is a mere faade, bread and circuses Snow makes the districts think everything is equal, but in actuality, the Career tributes are much likelier to survive and win the Games, thereof maintaining the bourgeoisie whilst unbendly killing off the poor. However, Katniss follows the Marxist ideology and seizes the representation of production. Collins writes Without a victor, the whole thing would blow up in the Gamemakers faces. Theyd have failed the Capitol. Might possibly even be executed slowly and painfully, while the cameras broadcast it to every screen in the acres (Collins, 2008) By refusin g to conform, rejecting the role of victor and encouraging Peeta to do the same, this forces the Gamemakers to change the rules and allow both to win. Katniss is still aware, though, that the Capitol would have the power to make an example of the Gamemakers to restore order. These allusions to Marxism and communist theory imply that there is a lot more prudence to Collins work than it at first seems by incorporating themes of real life class issues, she is commenting on societal problems and posing a moral question regarding Americas red-brick class system.When asked how he would define literariness, critic Walter Van Tilburg Clark state the final test of literary merit, is the power to endure obviously such a test cannot be applied to a new or recent work, and one cannot, I think, offer soundly an opinion on the probability of endurance (Peters, 2006). Here, he is arguing that the most significant beat of the definition is that if a text can endure, it can be considered worthy of literary merit. It is not, then, necessary for a text to follow the other rules regarding context, connotations or conveying a higher meaning if a text is popular, it is likely to endure. The Hunger Games Trilogy spent 50 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list and has been translated to the screen as a multi-million dollar film series. Such a lengthy stay at the top of a highly-regarded rating system is suggestive of endurance, and therefore, regardless of the issues the trilogy presents in terms of stereotypical pop-culture tropes and character moulds, it can be defined as literary. In addition, the concept of literariness is one that is inherently subjective particularly because aesthetic value is entirely based in personal preference. It is, according to critics, a relic of a scholarly elite.Similarly, the predispositions regarding popular texts and its dismissal as uncultured also seem to be noncurrent views stemming from old-fashioned beliefs. The examination and unde rstanding of popular culture, therefore, is necessary to understanding ourselves, our identities and the world that surrounds us. A text that is considered brilliant by one, will be revolting to another we each have different interests and tastes, and there is never going to be unanimity when defining literary and popular and the difference between them. The study of popular culture enables us to consider literature in a less judgemental, more open-minded fashion, voiding the inherent laws of what makes a text literary or fundamentally good. Popular culture does not exclusively lend itself only to companies to churn out poorly-written prose lacking in value and increase financial revenue, although it is manipulated by those in power to trim down from real life issues just because this is the case some of the time, it doesnt define all literature that falls into the category of popular as unworthy of also being literary. The two terms are not mutually exclusive, and a text does not give up its right to being one by adhering to some characteristics of the other. The spectrum of defining literary and popular categories, albeit arbitrary in nature, which are not binary opposites in terms of literature, is, in my opinion, one that is entirely personal, and each individual will hold opinion on where any tending(p) text falls that does not make them true, as there are no correct answers.Word Count 3496_____________________________________________________________________ReferencesJohnson, L. K (2002) If I Woz a Nap-Natch Poet, Mi Revalueshanary Fren Selected Poems London PenguinCollins, Suzanne (2008) The Hunger Games New York, ScholasticUniversity of Iowa (1967) An Interview With William Faulkner The Western Review A Literary Quarterly, Volume 15, procedure 4Ross, Lillian (1950) Profiles How Do You Like It Now, Gentlemen? The New Yorker, F. R. Publishing Corporation, New York.Berrong, R.M (1986) Rabelais and Bakhtin Popular Culture in Gargantua and Pantagruel U niversity of Nebraska PressGans, Herbert J (2008) Popular culture and high culture Basic Books. pp. 8-10Storey, J (2014) From Popular Culture to day-to-day Life RoutledgeFrench, C.T Literary Fiction vs Genre Fictiononline http//www.authorsden.com/categories/article_top.asp?catid=10id=18884 (accessed December 2016)McKee, R (1997) bill Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting New York HarperCollins. p. 87Giroux, Henry (2000) Stealing Innocence Youth, Corporate function and the Politics of Culture, New York, St. Martins PressReynolds, W (2006) Cultural curriculum studies, numerousness and cinematic-machines Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, Caddo Gap PressWroe, N (2008) I did my own thing online https//www.theguardian.com/books/2008/mar/08/featuresreviews.guardianreview11 (accessed December 2016)McGill, R (2003) Goon poets of the black Atlantic Linton Kwesi Johnsons imagined canon Textual Practice, Vol. 17, Issue 3Scholastic (2010) Video authoritative Inspi ration, The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins online http//ww(w.scholastic.com/thehungergames/videos/classical-inspiration.htm (accessed December 2016)Bill, M Peters, N (2006) hollo on Trial The Battle for Free Expression City Lights Books. p. 224.Poland as a Potential Market Environmental AnalysisPoland as a Potential Market Environmental Analysis1.INTRODUCTIONServcorp is an Australian-owned services caller-up that specialises in the provision of tune solutions. Its main offerings include fully-serviced office packages (office space bundled with IT and communications groundwork and tended to(p) by IT and administrative staff), virtual office products such as communications and address services, and alludeing rooms for hire (Servcorp, n.d.). Servcorp has expanded its operations into New Zealand, the U.S., Asia, and Europe. While the company operates in the UK, Belgium, and France, it does not currently operate in Poland.In this report, I will analyse five surroundal factors rele vant to the consideration of Poland as a say-so market for Servcorp. These are the countrys political and legal environs, sparing milieu, trade and financial milieu, social and cultural environment, and infrastructure. The ensuing discussion will integrate these purposes and provide an overall outlook for Poland. Finally, based on these analyses, a fare of recommendations will be put forward regarding Servcorps likely expansion into Poland.3.ANALYSIS OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT3.1.Political and legal environmentPoland has become one of the most politically stable European countries since it fall in the European Union (EU) in 2004 (Bujnicki, 2013). In 2012, Poland ranked below the OECD honest on the FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index (where a lower pretend indicates fewer restrictions on FDI) (OECD, 2012). Poland also has a number of state aid measures in place to attract foreign investment. For example, the country has 14 modified Economic Zones these areas have relaxe d income taxationation rules and have the appropriate infrastructure in place for starting a pedigree, though caperes require a demonstrate to operate in these zones (Lex Mundi, 2013). In Poland, then, Servcorp would find political environment that actively encourages FDI with the view that it is vital to developing the countrys economy.While Poland has few restrictions on FDI, its overall regulatory environment is somewhat composite plant. The World till (2013) ranked Poland 45 of 189 countries on the ease of doing business in 2013, though pointed out that the countrys tax system remains complex and outdated. It takes an average of 685 days to enforce contracts in Poland compared to the OECD average of 529 days, and a number of other bureaucratic hurdles remain (World confide, 2013). For Servcorp, these factors mean that the company might have to do substantial research into Polands tax system, as it contains intricacies not present in Australias taxation laws.Property allo wance is a vital consideration for Servcorp, as the nature of the business means that they must acquire office space to hire out to clients as well as a building for their own use. The World Bank (2013) ranked Poland 54 on the ease of registering property. This is compared with a rank of 40 for Australia however, there is only one more procedure involved in registering property in Poland than there is in Australia, so red taping in this arena is only supplely more pronounced.3.2.Economic environmentReal gross domestic product nonplusth in Poland ranged from 1.6% to 6.8% during the period 2005-2012 Poland was the only country in the EU to experience a issue in GDP during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis (OECD, 2013). Real GDP in Poland is expected to grow by 2.7% in 2014 and 3.3% in 2015 (OECD, 2013). However, Poland experienced a small turn down in economic growth in 2013 recent changes in financial policy have been aimed at encouraging economic growth through expanding t he budget deficit and eliminating restrictions on fiscal stimulus measures (Onoszko Krasuski, 2013). Overall, demand for the modern services provided by Servcorp may increase as Polands citizens experience an increase in wealth and the economy continues to grow at a healthy rate as a result of these fiscal measures.The slight downturn in real GDP growth in 2013 has been accompanied by low pretension (Eglitis, 2013). This is promising for Servcorp, as it means that the business may be in a better position to make long-term plans with the knowledge that their purchasing power will not decline, and acceptance costs may be lower. With the brush up governments intend relaxation of fiscal policy, however, Servcorp must continue to track changes in inflation given that these measures may work to raise inflation.3.3.Trade and financial environmentRelevant bilateral agreements between Australia and Poland include the Investment Promotion and tax shelter Agreement and the Double Taxatio n Agreement (DFAT, 2013). These agreements ensure that the interests of foreign investors are protected in Poland, and in the case of the latter agreement, that foreign businesses do not have to pay taxes on their business profits in each of the two countries. In short, both agreements are conducive to Servcorp doing business in Poland. A discussion regarding tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in Poland will not take place here as Servcorp is not pursuance to export to or import from Polandrather, this report considers the risks and opportunities Servcorp faces in establishing operations in Poland. For similar reasons, free trade agreements that Poland has with other European countries will not be discussed here.In 2012, Poland ranked 37 on the fiscal suppuration Index, which along with other factors, considers a countrys financial constancy (World Economic Forum, 2012). Specifically, the WEF found that Poland performed particularly well in terms of the constancy of its exc hange rate and banking system. The leniency with which currency transactions are treat in Poland depends heavily upon the nature of the relationship between the transactors position country and Poland (Lex Mundi, 2013). Because Australia has a tax treaty with Poland (ATO, 2012), Australians can expect to face minimal problems when engaging in currency transactions in Poland. It appears that Servcorp would face little financial risk in the country.3.4.Social and cultural environmentIn Poland, 60.9% of the total population live in urban areas (Central newsworthiness Agency, 2013). This is compared to 80% in the UK, 97% in Belgium, and 85% in France. Polands comparatively low rate of urbanisation suggests that there may be less of a demand for the services that Servcorp offers (office space, IT and communications infrastructure for businesses) in Poland compared with the other European countries in which the company operates.Religion plays a big role in Poland, with 89.8% of the po pulation identifying as Roman Catholic (Central light Agency, 2013). Servcorp must recognise and close business on religious occasion that are not recognised as national holidays in Australia, such as Corpus Christi. Poland also tends to score highly on scruple avoidance, meaning that citizens may reject unorthodox or innovative ideas put forward by some businesses (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). This poses a small risk to Servcorp given that much of their product offering rests on their virtual office novelty Poles may be wary of this unfamiliar idea.In terms of corruption, Polands score on the degeneration Perceptions Index (CPI) in 2013 was 60 of a possible 100 (where 100 indicates no corruption whatsoever), above the world average (Transparency International, 2013). However, there is some concern that Poland does not have the appropriate frameworks in place to manage the growing risk of foreign transplant that comes with its expanding economy (OECD, 2013). Servcorp must be awa re of this risk while simultaneously recognising that bribery is not an endemic part of kill culture.3.5.InfrastructurePolands score on the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) in 2012 was 3.10 (where the maximum possible score is 5) (World Bank, 2012). This is substantially lower than the 2012 scores received by the European countries in which Servcorp currently operates (the UK, Belgium, and France, which received scores of 3.95, 4.12, and 3.96 respectively). The OECD (2013) remarked that the quality of Polands reassign and communications infrastructure are among the lowest in the OECD (p. 217). A finding of particular concern is that Polands unflinching broadband coverage is the lowest in the EU, at only 69.1% ( show up Topic, 2012).Polands relatively low fixed broadband coverage may prove problematic for Servcorp given that a substantial portion of their business model rests on their provision of modern IT and communications infrastructure to organisations. When acquiring office space for company use as well as for hiring out to clients, a constant concern may be whether or not there is broadband access at that location. Though this is an issue, things may be set to improve a joint venture between Hawe and TP Teltech is aimed at substantially improving Polands broadband infrastructure (van Blommestein, 2012).5.REFERENCESAustralian Taxation Office. (2012). Countries that have a tax treaty with Australia. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.ato.gov.au/General/International-tax-agreements/In-detail/Tax-treaties/Countries-that-have-a-tax-treaty-with-Australia/Bujnicki, P. (2013, February 23). Zloty climbs as Fitch revises Poland rating outlook to positive. Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-22/zloty-climbs-as-fitch-revises-poland-rating-outlook-to-positive.htmlCentral Intelligence Agency (2013). The World Factbook Poland. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-fa ctbook/geos/pl.htmlDFAT. (2013). Poland country brief. 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Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/country-statistical-profile-poland_20752288-table-polOECD. (2013b). Poland Economic forecast summary. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/polandeconomicforecastsummary.htmOECD. (2013a). Poland needs strategy to meet growing risk of foreign bribery. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/polandneedsstrategytomeetgrowingriskofforeignbribery.htmOECD. (2013b). Economic policy reforms Going for growth 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth/Economic%20Policy%20Reforms%202013%20Going%20for%20Growth.pdfOnoszko, M., Krasuski, K. (2013, July 17). Poland to relax budget and fiscal rules to stimulate economy. Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-16/polish-government-relaxes-budget-fiscal-rules-to-boost-economy.htmlPoint Topic. (2012). Broadba nd coverage in Europe in 2012 Mapping progress towards the coverage objectives of the Digital Agenda. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//point-topic.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Point-Topic-Broadband-Coverage-in-Europe-in-2012-Final-Report-20130813.pdfServcorp. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http//www.servcorp.com.au/en/about-us/The Hofstede Center. (n.d.). Poland. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//geert-hofstede.com/poland.htmlTransparency International. (2013). Corruption Perceptions Index 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//cpi.transparency.org/cpi2013/results/myAnchor1van Blommestein. (2012). Is Poland finally getting out of the broadband slow lane? Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//www.zdnet.com/is-poland-finally-getting-out-of-the-broadband-slow-lane-7000003129/World Bank. (2012). Logistics performance index Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure Data set. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/ LP.LPI.INFR.XQWorld Bank. (2013). Doing business 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.doingbusiness.org//media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB14-Full-Report.pdfWorld Economic Forum. (2012). The Financial Development Report 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FinancialDevelopmentReport_2012.pdf