Psy-240 Week 2 Assignment

interior the womb we start out as an egg, but angiotensin-converting enzyme of the archetypal major social systems that begin to form is the mental capacity. The brain itself is a conglomerate structure that leaves much to be learned from it. It controls a persons wide-cut body function and movements whether it be walking, talking, or even going to the bathroom. What most(prenominal) people do not know is that there are quintette major structures of the brain. The first of the five is the myelencephalon ( the Medulla). The Myelencephalon (or medulla) is the hindquarters portion of the brain stem.Not astonishingly then, the medulla is composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body. An enkindle part of the myelencephalon from a psychological perspective is the reticular formation. It is a complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelencephalon to the anterior boundary of the midbrain. It is so named because of its weblike dependance (reticulum means little net).Sometimes the reticular formation is referred to as the reticular activating transcription because parts of it seem to play a role in arousal. The various nuclei of the reticular formation are complex in a variety of functions, however including sleep, attention (definitely all- authorised(a) for terminology), movement, the attention of muscle tone, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes. Accordingly, referring to this collection of nuclei as a system can be misleading.Generally, the myelencephalon does not play an important role in verbiage production or comprehension. The second major structure is know as the metencephalon. The Metencephalon houses many ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation. These structures create a bulge, called the pons, on the brain stems ventral turn out. The pons (bridge in Latin) is the bridge to the cerebellum. It has many millions of neural fibers which cross the base of the brain stem, connecting to locations in the cerebellum.The cerebellum (meaning little brain) is the large, convoluted structure on the brain stems dorsal surface. The cerebellum is an extraordinarily complex structure which though smaller than the cerebral cerebral mantle probably has even more neurons. It has long been believed to function primarily for aim coordination, but recent studies indicate that it also is an important sensori tug structure. cerebellar damage eliminates the ability to precisely control ones movements to adapt them to changing conditions.Although the metencephalon certainly plays a role in the precise movements of the tongue and lips required for language production, it is generally an unimportant structure with regard to the convey of language and the brain. The ternion major structure inside the brain is the mesencephalon. The Mesencephalon has two divisions- t he tectum and the tegmentum. The tectum ( crown) is the dorsal surface of the midbrain. In mammals, the tectum is composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi (little hills).The posterior pair called the inferior colliculi, have an auditory function the anterior pair, called the select colliculi, have a visual function. The tegementum is the division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum. In addition to the reticular formation and tracts of passage, the tegmentum contains three colorful structures- the periaqueductal patriarchal, the substantia ringtail, and the red nucleus. The periaqueductal gray is the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct, the duct connecting the triad and fourth ventricles. The periacqueductal gray plays role in mediating the analgesic effects of opiate drugs.The substantia nigra (black substance and the red nucleus are both important components of the sensorimotor system. The mesencephalon is generally an unimportant structure in the stud y language and the brain. The fourth structure is named the deincephalon. The Diencephalon is composed of two structures the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The thalamus is the large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem. One lobe sits on each side of the third ventricle, and the two lobes are joined by the massa intermedia, which runs through the ventricle.Visible on the surface of the thalamus are white lamina (layers) that are composed of myelinated axons. The thalamus comprises many contrary pairs of nuclei, most of which project to the cortex. Some are receptive relay nuclei nuclei that nab signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex. For example, the lateral geniculate nuclei, the medial geniculate nuclei, and the ventral posterior nuclei are important relay stations in the visual, auditory, and omatosensory systems, respectively. The thalamus seems to be a relay for sensory input as well as an important part of early(a) pathways, including motor and sensory pathways and those between different parts of the cortex and the cerebellum and opposite subcortical structures. The thalamus and the cortex are profusely interconnected by trilateral connections, which play an important role in the generation of rhythmic patterns in the brain and in attention, and may also be involved in top-down effects in perception.By virtue of bidirectional connections between the thalamus and any region of the cortex, these rhythmic patterns sweep regularly and rapidly through the cortex. They, therefore, render a possible source for the rapid pacemaker hypothesized for high-speed home(a) sequencing. The rate of speed of these thalamocortical rhythms ranges from twenty to eighty Hz (Hertz cycles per second) in the waking state and as slow as from four Hz to less than one Hz in deep sleep. The hypothalamus (Greek hypo-, cognate to Latin sub- under) lies under the thalamus.It pl ays an important role in the regulation of some(prenominal) motivated behaviors. It exerts its effects in part by regulating the throw out of hormones from the pituitary gland, which dangles from it on the ventral surface of the brain. Two other structures appear on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus the optic chiasm and the mammilary bodies. The optic chiasm is the point at which the optic nerves from each eye get hold together. The mammillary bodies are a pair of spherical hypothalamic nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the pituitary gland.The hypothalamus apparently does not play much of a role in language. The fifth and last(a) structure is the telencephalon. The Telencephalon (the cerebral hemispheres) is the largest of the divisions of the military man brain, and it is what subserves language at least the aspects of language which are of interest to linguistics and most other people. In fact, the equal can be said of the just the cerebral cortex, only one of the four parts of the telencephalon according to the traditional division given previously.Of the subcortical and interior portions of the telencephalon, the basal ganglia, which partially surround the diencephalon, participate in motor functions, including articulation of speech, and the hippocampus and the amygdaloid nucleus, which lie deep within the dishonor part of the cortex, are very important in emotional expression. As stated previously, the brain is a complex structure. It also performs many functions for the human body such as walking, talking, running and even writing.