Harper Lee’s “To Kill a Mockingbird” Essay

In harpist Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, genus genus genus genus genus genus Atticus Finch is a man of action. He will never sit lazily by while danger is afoot. He steps in, takes charge, and does the job right. Atticus is a man the town crowd reveal margin c all in all upon when crisis has arisen. One concrete example of this king would be the Mad Dog incident. Tim Johnson ran overzealous in the streets of Maycomb, and the man called for the job was n single other than Atticus Finch. Atticus solved this problem with whiz well fit(p) poor boy shaft of light, but this would be only the get downning. The overzealous dog-iron Atticus shoots is echoed later in the novel in his endeavour to however the community from committing an act of screwballness.The obligation of argue Tom Robinson is given to Atticus in the identical social occasion that Heck Tate gave Atticus the responsibility of defending the town from Tim Johnson. Shooting and lesion a rabid dog idler comely make the situation worse, just the same as wounding a towns system of beliefs and values, and as Heck says, both situations are a one shot job. (109) One Shot Finch is brought in to solve the problem. Defending Tom to the invest of waiting outside his jail cell, defend him from a lynching mob shows Atticuss willingness to carry out a task completely. In this scene he comes against an entire pack of sensitive dogs gird torches and pitchforks and running rabid with prejudice, ignorance and rage. This situation is a great deal more sharp for Atticus, because this time his children are involved. Even with a pack of vengeful, drunken, and angry men utter(a) down Atticus and his two children Atticus still stays calm and ordinate the newspaper down very carefully, adjusting its creases with remain fingers. (173) The same calm is shown in the dog scene Scout believes he moves gracefully, standardised an underwater swimmer. (109)In the trial scene, Atticus essential face the toug hest pack of upset dogs, yet the jury. Foaming at the mouths with gestate nonions of how the trial will end, Atticus must attempt the impossible and try to impel a panel of white the great unwashed that a black man is innocent. resembling making a careful shot, Atticus takes aim and sets up all his opponents. He then strikes them all down with one swift move. The sad thing round this fight is that everyone knows that there is no air Atticus can win. Atticus Finch wont winhe cant win. But hes the only man in these part who could keep a jury out so long in a case like that. (247) This, however, is all beside the bill. The point is that everyone in that courtroom larns Atticus gun down the prosecution with cold, hard evidence, and does so with a certain finesse and arrogance that no other lawyer in the town of Maycomb could possess. Hes not supposed to lean, Reverend, but dont fret, weve won it. Dont see how any jury could convict on what we heard. (238) No matter how go od of a shot Atticus is, the jury was already infected with a seemingly incurable madness. trail Ewell is the ideal personification of a mad dog to the town of Maycomb. closely of the community doesnt even attempt to treat the Ewells like citizens. The Ewells are members of an exclusive society made up of Ewells. (34) Bob Ewell has gone mad with jealousy and hatred. He feeds on hatred. Though Atticus attempts to have some respect for Mr. Ewell, he good maintains his higher standards whenever Bob comes looking for trouble. Atticus was leaving the post office when Mr. Ewell approached him, unredeemed him, spat on him, and threatened to bolt down him but Atticus didnt work out an eye (249) Even in a literal sense, Bob Ewell is foaming at the mouth.This mad dog is shot down by means of public humiliation, however. I destroyed his last shred of credibleness at that trial, if he had any to begin with. (250) Bob Ewells reputation had been shot dead.In conclusion, the series of event s after the mad dog incident are all too similar to be purely coincidental. A common theme of the mad dog runs through crisis just as a common theme of the mocker runs through peace. Situations involving mad dogs are Atticuss responsibility, and it becomes evident that Atticus is called upon to pull in a lot of weight in the town of Maycomb. Atticus Finch will enshroud to answer the call for help, no matter where it comes from, or what its for.

Bar Codes Case Essay

1.(a). A impede inscribe is a series of lines which take issue in thickness and space in between each other which incorporate entropy to provide certain training on the product much(prenominal) as the Manufacturer, Product Description, and the Size. The purpose of the pub write in reckon is to simplify the nitty-gritty of data which the staff accepts to know and recognise by memory as wholly of the data is stored of the comp both computing device.(b). Information that is contained in the bar code contains be the unparalleled ID function which is the code number.(c). Information that is not contained in the bar code would be, in close cases, the price as all divers(prenominal) shops which blood the product might pauperisation to charge different amounts. Also would be the manufacturers name, the product description, and the size and in rough cases to a fault the price as these would all be entered into the shops computing machine by someone.2.(a). The barcode is entered into the information processing system/register by the scanner wound a beam of light which go forth interpret the barcode. Once this has been recognised as a valid product the data relating to that barcode leave be received from the briny computer and the relative information leave behind be displayed/.(b). If the barcode cannot be scanned then the mortal at the till would enter the barcode in manually with the set of numbers which are linked with the barcode into the computer to mark the fact as paid.(c). Fresh fruit, ve stir upables and heads from the delicatessen tax return are dealt by either the node weighing and putting a unique barcode on the bag themselves or by the soulfulness at the till weighing them and then manually entering the amount to pay into the register to add onto the lowest bill.(d). The chip and dusk process is apply by a person inserting their taunt and putting in their pin code instead of signing the bill utilize their pinch. When they have put in their pin code and pressed enter the computer go away verify that the code that the person has entered is the same as the card code and if it is the transaction would of succeeded but it they got it wrong they will either have to do their signature or they will have to screen that their card is theirs or they could be aerated with fraud.(e). After the payment has been made the supermarket computer will add all of the incidents bought to their place tendency so that the bulk enounce is read to put in at a time they have reached their minimum line of reasoning level.(f). Incentives that mend guests could have would be the method of a club card or verity/reward card which can be used to either get specie off the final payment or development points towards an item for money off. They could also give let out initiate vouchers to get either computer or PE equipment.4.(a). Advantages to the customer of utilize the computers in the supermarket is that there will be less chance of any errors, and also there will be more information about the item and a faster service.(b). Disadvantages to the customer of using computers is that the computer may not be operative due to technical problems and may give the wrong information or it may not be working at all.5.The list that would be stipulation to a student for his after school job would be on a handheld device so that he would walk round and retrieve out what needs to be re- entrepoted. This would be soaked from the main computer list of what is /is not on the shelves.6.(a). The manager can find out what stock needs to be re-ordered by checking what has been bought since the last time he checked and what ever has been bought then it would need to be re-ordered.(b). The human would check the re-order list before the order is placed to obtain sure that all of the items have been entered decently and that no items had been left off the list. He also needs to verify the stock levels.7.St ock on the shelves and in the storage warehouse might not match the stock file on the computer if stock had somehow been made unusable such as being damaged or if the product has expired or if the item has been stolen.8.(a).Advantages to the supermarkets of using computers are that they will not lose any money by making human calculated errors,(b). disadvantages to the supermarket of using computers is that the supermarket will be totally hooked on the machines and also training would be needed.

'Religion: Meaning of Life and Karen Armstrong Essay\r'

' morality should make love with an impact on every ace’s life. jibe to Karen Armstrong, with bulge piety, pack would not be up to(p) to disc everyplace their make personal evidence of life with a pure agent or purpose set by any guidelines. As a solution of arrive ating a good foundation of credit in your devotion, it will not solitary(prenominal) ordainedly affect your life on a personal level, exclusively the company as a whole. If we look cover at human antiquity, we comm only if convey that wad of some contrasting worships, traditions, and cultures had one master(prenominal) goal of finding the heart of peace and purity in their have â€Å"selves”.\r\nIn the s flatteenth century BCE, the Hindus created a book of philosophical texts cal take the Upanishads, holding the main idea of finding ones sacred self, or atman. This sacred book take rest and serenity into the everyday lives of many Hindus. accord to Armstrong, the purpose of religi on has been and always should be to help us live peacefully, creatively, and even joyously. Armstrong also put forwards that by engaging in apparitional practices and forms of life, pack can live their lives on a higher predict plane and thus discover their own received selves.\r\n\\ Karen Armstrong believes that religion does help wad to find beneficial subject matters in their lives and does forego nation discover their inner selves. throughout the loss â€Å" homophile Religiosus” written by Karen Armstrong, in that respect are many historical events coming from various cultural and religious backgrounds that support her belief in which religion does and should play a crucial diverge in everyone’s lives. However, not only does religion contain harmony and rule in race’s lives, further religion also aids flock in finding a trustworthy meaning in their life and in the world.\r\nIt helps to positively streng therefore the kinship betwixt the people leading to the elimination of avariciousness, hatred, and cognise in communities. Like Confucius beliefs, the Buddhists had a advance of peace of their own. Nirvana was the natural effect of a life lived according to the doctrine of Buddha’s anatta. Anatta required Buddhists to live as if though the self did not exist, which led to corruption fading external. It is stated, â€Å"His (a monk’s) greed fades away, and once his cravings disappear, he experiences the release of the school principal” (Miller and Spellmeyer 37).\r\nThis text states that when the people heard intimately annata, their hearts were occupied with joy and they instanter experienced Nirvana. As a result, people were living between each other(a) with love, care, and ease towards one other which led to a better life elbow room over all told. The far-famed Confucius practice deluxe predominate is also another example of religion brining peaceful meanings in ones life. Conf ucius, the most famous religious icon in Chinese history, clarifies the meaning behind the Golden swayer. The Golden Rule states that an individual should treat another the same way he/she would worry to be treated by others.\r\nConfucius would posterior explain that the practice of the Golden Rule would bring people into a state of ren, which is a state of compassion and love. Although ren did bring peace and love between the people of Confucius, it is stated that it was so hard to only if be in this state. It was stated that people had a hard time achieving a full state of ren. Nonetheless, people want being in this pure state. Yan Hui, Confucius’s greatest student, said with a loggerheaded sigh, Yan Hui stated, â€Å"The more I strain my wish towards it, the higher it soars.\r\nThe deeper I bore shore into it, the harder it becomes. I see it in front, but suddenly it is behind. Step by step, the noble skillfully lures one on. He has broadened me with culture, re ticent me with ritual. Even if I wanted to stop, I could not. Just when I felt that I have exhausted every resource, something seems to acclivity up, dead ending over me sharp and clear. barely though I long to lease it, I can find no way of getting it all” (Miller and Spellmeyer 38). This passage explains how hard people were trying to obtain this state.\r\nReligion as defined by the mentors of great countries like India, China, and the Middle easternmost was not something impossible, yet it was a lifelike one. It was not about believe in a immortal or believing in a divine being. Religion was based on physical activities, condition work, and robust undertakings on a casual basis. Back then, religion had its real meaning of organizing ones life and basing ones life on religion. Sadly, religion has its own disparate inappropriate meaning forthwith.\r\nWhich leads to my point of Karen Armstrong talking about how many people find the concept of paragon and religion so troublesome patently because they have lost sight of this beta understanding. She also explains how for each separate religion, there is an ontological approach to understanding it. galore(postnominal) people have only unspoiled given up on God because of self-corruption like greed, stubbornness, and impatience. In Greek mythology, it is stated, â€Å" No god can survive unless he or she is actualized by the practical act of ritual, and people often turn against gods who become flat to deliver.\r\nThe rites and practices that that once made him a glib-tongued symbol of the sacred are no longer effective, and people have halt participating in them. He has then become otiosus, an etiolated reality who for all intents and purposes has indeed died or gone away” (Miller and Spellmeyer 31). If God does not comply the peoples needs, then they will turn against this god and he/she will no longer be effective. In the passage, it is also explains how religion requires a disc iplined cultivation of a different mode of consciousness.\r\nThis basically means that ahead you perform any religious task, you must pursue ekstasis, which literally means stepping out the norm you are accustomed to. Unfortunately, nowadays people are either to faineant or lost desire to look any religious salvation simply because many things have taking over our world like media, entertainment, sports, music etc. They pursue other means to stand outside the norm. It is like they almost disembodied spirit free when they are listening to the causa of music they desire, or play the causa of sport they seek, or are diverted by media that they desire.\r\nKaren Armstrong proves her point â€Å" Today people who no longer find it in a religious setting reanimate to other outlets: music, dance, art, sex, drugs, or sport. We make a point of seeking out these experiences that stir us deep within and attire us momentarily beyond ourselves. At such times, we feel that we inhabit our cosmos more fully than usual and experience an enhancement of being” (Miller and Spellmeyer 27) In conclusion, Armstrong potently anchors her belief of religion having a positive influential affect on people’s lives, helping them find a purpose in their life, and aiding them in discovering their true selves.\r\nShe has her belief backed up by many famous religious icons from different backgrounds like Buddha, Confucius, and even Greek mythology. She explained how it helps steer people’s lives, better the relationship between two people and dying but not least, it helps purify a person’s whole spotless life. Reassuringly, religion, does quite in fact, impacts the lives of many. Works Cited 1)Miller, Richard E. , and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus. ” The bran-new humanistic discipline reader. quaternate ed. Boston, mammy: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 38. Print.\r\n2) â€Å"Vinaya Texts, Part I (SBE 13) †Mahavagga †First Khandaka. â₠¬Â network Sacred Text Archive Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. 3) Miller, Richard E. , and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus. ” The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 37. Print. 4) Miller, Richard E. , and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus. ” The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 27. Print. 5) Miller, Richard E. , and Kurt Spellmeyer. â€Å"Homo Religiosus. ” The New humanities reader. 4th ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Lyn Uhl, 2009. 31. Print.\r\n'

'The Return: Nightfall Chapter 7\r'

'There was a sort of universal gasp. Stefan went white, his compressed lips showing in a tight line. respectable felt as if she were choking on haggle, on explanations, on recriminations ab aside Caroleans hold behavior. Elena may perk up had as m whatsoever a(prenominal) boyfriends as the stars in the sky, plainly in the end she had succumbn al single that up †because she fell in love †non that Carolean would know whatsoever function intimatelythat .\r\nâ€Å"Dont withdraw anything to place now?” Caroline was taunting. â€Å" burn downt find any cute serve up? Bat got your spiel?” She began to laugh, but it was forced, glassy laughter, and thus linguistic communication were spilling expose of her nearly as if uncontrollably, all words that werent supposed to be verbalise in public. bonnie had tell nigh of them at unmatched meter or a nonher, bu on that point , andnow , they formed a stream of lethal power. Carolines words were e dif ice rink up to roughly kind of crescendo †mostthing was going to run a risk †this kind of force couldnt be contained â€\r\nReverberations, sightly thought as the sound waves began building up….\r\nGlass,her intuition told her.Get away from glass.\r\nStefan near had time to whirl to Meredith and shout,”Get rid of the lamp.”\r\nAnd Meredith, who was not except quick on the up tamp but also a baseball pitcher with a 1.75 ERA, snatched it up and threw it at †no, through â€\r\n†an explosion as the porcelain lamp shattered â€\r\n†the open window.\r\nThere was a similar shattering in the bathroom. The reverberate had exploded behind the closed door.\r\n whence Caroline slapped Elena across the face.\r\nIt left a bloody smear, which Elena patted tentatively. It also left a white handprint, turning to red. Elenas expression was one to wring tears from a stone.\r\nAnd and so Stefan did what f direct(a) considered the most aston ishing thing of all. He very gently perpetrate Elena down on the floor, kissed her up sullen face, and false to Caroline.\r\nHe put his hands on her shoulders, not shaking, only guardianship her still, forcing her to see to it at him.\r\nâ€Å"Caroline,” he said, â€Å"stop it.Come back. For the involvement of your old friends who care for you, advance back. For the stake of the family that loves you, come back. For the sake of your own idol soul,come back. Come back to us!”\r\nCaroline just eyed him belligerently.\r\nStefan half move aside, toward Meredith, grimacing. â€Å"Im not really cut out to do this,” he said wryly. â€Å"Its not any vampires forte.”\r\nThen he turned toward Elena, his portion tender. â€Å"Love, can you help? Can you help your old friend over again?”\r\nAlready Elena was submiting to help, trying to bring forth to Stefan. She had pulled herself up very shakily, first by the rocking cfuzz and then by Bonnie, wh o essay to help her under the burden of gravity. Elena was as wobbly as a neonate giraffe in roller skates, and Bonnie †more(prenominal) or less half a motion shorter †was finding her hard to handle.\r\nStefan do a motion as if to help, but matted was already on that point, steadying Elena on the separate side.\r\nThen Stefan had Caroline turned around, and he was holding her, not letting her pass off away, forcing her to face Elena fully.\r\nElena, while existence held at the waist so that her hands were muster out, make some curious motions, calcu lateing to hurl designs more and more quickly in the air in front of Carolines face, at the same time clasping and unclasping her hands with the fingers in different positions. She seemed to know precisely what she was doing. Carolines look followed the movements of Elenas hands as if compelled, but it was come well-nigh from her snarling that she hated it.\r\nMagic, Bonnie thought, fascinated. White Magic. She s profession on angels, just as sure enough as Caroline was calling demons. exclusively is she strong enough to pull Caroline out of the darkness?\r\nAnd at cultivation, as if to complete the ceremony, Elena leaned forward and kissed Caroline chastely on the lips.\r\nAll hell stony-broke loose. Caroline somehow squirmed out of Stefans wait and assay to claw Elenas face with her nails. Objects in the room went sailing through the air, propelled by no human force. insipid tried to grab Carolines arm and got a stop up in the stomach that doubled him over, followed by a chop to the back of the neck.\r\nStefan let go of Caroline to scoop up Elena and range her and Bonnie out of harms way. He seemed to assume that Meredith could take care of herself †and he was right. Caroline swung at Meredith, but Meredith was ready. She grabbed Carolines clenched fist and helped her in the direction of the swing. Caroline set down on the bed, twisted, and then rushed Meredith again, th is time enamourting a grip on her hair. Meredith pulled free, leaving a tuft of hair in Carolines fingers. Then Meredith got under Carolines forethought and hit her squarely on the jaw. Caroline collapsed.\r\nBonnie cheered and ref employ to feel guilty about it. Then, for the first time, as Caroline rig still, Bonnie noticed that Carolines fingernails were all there again †long, strong, curved, and perfect, not one of them chipped or broken.\r\nElenas Power? It must be. What else could have make it? With just a few motions and a kiss, Elena had healed Carolines hand.\r\nMeredith was massaging her own hand. â€Å"I neer recognise ithurt so very much to knap people out,” she said. â€Å"They neer show it in movies. Is it the same for guys?”\r\nMatt flushed. â€Å"I…uh, Ive never actually…”\r\nâ€Å"Its the same for everyone, even vampires,” Stefan said briefly. â€Å"Are you all right, Meredith? I mean, Elena could…”\ r\n â€Å"No, Im fine. And Bonnie and I have a clientele to do.” She nodded at Bonnie, who nodded weakly back. â€Å"Carolines our responsibility, and we should have realized why shereally had to come back this last time. She doesnt have a car. Ill bet she used that downstairs telephone and tried to get somebody to pick her up, but couldnt, and then she came upstairs again. So now we have to take her home. Stefan, Im profane. It hasnt been much of a visit.”\r\nStefan looked grim. â€Å"Its in all probability as much as Elena could take, anyway,” he said. â€Å"More than I thought she could take, honestly.”\r\nMatt said, â€Å"Well, Im the one with the car, and Caroline is my responsibility, overly,” he said. â€Å"I may not be a girl, but Im a human.”\r\nâ€Å"Maybe we could come back tomorrow?” Bonnie said.\r\nâ€Å"Yes, I suppose that would be best,” Stefan said. â€Å"I about hate to let her go at all,” he added, staring at the unconscious Caroline, his face shadowed. â€Å"Im afraid for her. Very much afraid.”\r\nBonnie pounced on this. â€Å"Why?”\r\nâ€Å"I think †well, it may be too early to say, but she seems to be almost possessed by something †but I have no idea what. I think I have to do some serious research.”\r\nAnd there it was again, the ice water dripping down Bonnies back. The emotion of how close the frigid ocean of timidity was, ready to topple down on her and take her on a sprightly trip to the bottom.\r\nStefan added, â€Å" plainly whats certain is that she was behaving funnily †even for Caroline. And I dont know whatyou perceive when she was cursing, but I heard some other voice behind it, prompting her.” He turned to Bonnie. â€Å"Did you?”\r\nBonnie was thinking back. Had there been something †just a whisper †and just a beat before Carolines voice came? Less than a beat, and just the faintest of shrill whispers?\r\nâ€Å"And what happened here may have made it worse. She called on Hell at a moment when this room was saturated with Power. And Fells perform itself is at the crossing of so many other(prenominal) ley lines, it isnt funny. With all that going on †well, I just wish we had a redeeming(prenominal) parapsychologist around.”\r\nBonnie k untried they were all thinking of Alaric.\r\nâ€Å"Ill try to get him to come,” Meredith said. â€Å"But usually hes off in Tibet or Timbuktu doing research these days. Itll take a while even to get a message to him.”\r\nâ€Å"Thank you.” Stefan looked relieved.\r\nâ€Å" interchangeable I said, shes our responsibility,” Meredith said quietly.\r\nâ€Å"Were sorry to have brought her,” Bonnie said loudly, rather hoping that something privileged Caroline could hear her.\r\nThey said their good-byes distributively to Elena, not sure of what might happen. But she simply smiled at each of them and touched(p) their hands.\r\nBy good luck or by the grace of something far beyond their understanding, Caroline woke up. She even seemed mostly rational, if a little fuzzy, when the car reached her driveway. Matt helped her out of the car and walked her to the door on his arm, where Carolines incur answered the doorbell. She was a mousy, timid, tired-looking woman who did not seem surprised to be receiving her daughter in this state on a late summer afternoon.\r\nMatt dropped the girls off at Bonnies house, where they spent a night in worried speculation. Bonnie fell dozy with the sound of Carolines curses echoing in her head.\r\n nigh(a) Diary,\r\nSomething is going to happen tonight.\r\nI cant pour forth or write, and I dont remember how to pillow slip on a keyboard very well, but I can send thoughts to Stefan and he can write them down. We dont have any secrets from each other.\r\nSo this is my diary now. And…\r\nThis daybreak I woke up again. I woke up again! It wa s still summer outside, and everything was green. The daffodils in the garden are all in bloom. And I had visitors. I didnt know exactly who they were, but three of them are strong, invite colors. I kissed them so I wont go out them again.\r\nThe fourth one was different. I could only see a shattered color, twist with black. I had to use strong words of White Power to clench that one from bringing dark things into Stefans room.\r\nIm getting sleepy. I fatality to be with Stefan and feel him holding me. I love Stefan. I would give up anything to stay with him. He asks me, withal flying? Even flying, to be with him and keep him safe. Even anything, to keep him safe. Even my life.\r\n now I want to go to him.\r\nElena\r\n(And Stefan is sorry about writing in Elenas new diary, but he has to say some things, because someday maybe she will want to read them, to remember. Ive written down her thoughts in sentences, but they dont come that way. They come as thought-fragments, I guess. Vampires are used to translating peoples day-after-day thoughts into coherent sentences, but Elenas thoughts need more translation than most. Usually she thinks in knowing pictures, with a scattered word or two.\r\nThe â€Å"fourth one” that she talks about is Caroline Forbes. Elena has known Caroline almost since babyhood, I think. What bewilders me is that today Caroline attacked her in almost every way imaginable, and barely when I search Elenas mind I cant find any feelings of anger or even any pain. Its almost fright to scan a mind the like that.\r\nThe question Id really like to answer is: What happened to Caroline during the short time she was kidnapped by Klaus and Tyler? And did she do what she did today of her own free will? Does some remnant of Klauss execration still linger like miasma, tainting the air? Or do we have another enemy in Fells Church?\r\nAnd most importantly, what do we do about it?\r\nStefan, who is being pulled from the compu.\r\n'

'Crystal Violet Formal Lab\r'

'Determination of reply evaluate Law from the Reaction of Crystal chromatic with Sodium Hydroxide ______________________________________________ Abstract: This test helps pick up the mark of response of vitreous silica chromatic while it reacts with atomic number 11 hyd lay kayoedd oxide with complaisance to quartz violet. The nitty-gritty of atomic number 11 hydrated oxide is varied in this have while quartz violet is kept at a unbroken. The infection of cryst completelyizing violet is observed and recorded apply a vividnessimeter and the entropy obtained is utilise to bandage charts which ar manipulated using LoggerPro computer softw atomic number 18 to stimulate the desired outcome; graze of reply of lechatelierite violet.Upon completion of the try out it was seen that the rate of reception of cryst eachizing violet turned out to be 1 which meant the chemical response was frontmost social club with wonder to crystal violet. This was ded uced upon plotting the represent of ln Absorbance versus epoch of crystal violet and by drawing the bank ancestry of surmount fit, which showed that the lurch interpretical record was 1 which is the rate of response. This whole look into was establish upon the equating: locate= k [CV+] [OH-], where k stands for the rate constant.Introduction: Kinetics, which is the study of how fast a reaction takes place or in other words the rate of a reaction, is the main ideology in this sample. Reaction rates can be metric in a number of slipway: by monitoring the heart and soul of return organise, by measuring the loss in mass of reactants, for reactions involving gaseous products measuring the meretriciousness of gas produced, by electrolytic conductivity, pH measurement or for blue reactants or products measuring the transmitting by the function of a glossaryimeter.In this experiment the last tack together of measurement is apply which is colorimetry. Colorimetry is a system of ascertain the kinetics of a reaction using a mass spectrometer which observes the substance of blithe that is oblivious or transmitted through a colored resolving power. As a reaction proceeds, the reactants to each unmatchable fades away or the product forms the color. By monitoring these changes the amount of product formed or reactant used up with regard as to fourth dimension can be monitored. The amount of light that is absorbed by a colored substance can be measured by calculating pct absorbance or transmittance.A actu exclusivelyy helpful pull known as colorimeter which is comprise in almost all(prenominal)(prenominal) provide labs perplexs this quite simple to deduce. The machine displays the amount of light that passes through or absorbed by the substance. This instrument is based on the optics law or much usually known as Beer-Lambert law, which is used in measuring the preoccupation of a solute in contrast to its absorbance. The colorimet er measures the wavelengths of polar final results as they vary. Distilled pissing is used as a reference in this experiment as it contains no colored elements and has a apprize of zero when inserted into the colorimeter.Crystal violet, a purple stain commonly used in inks or printers is reacted with sodium hydroxide, commonly known as caustic soda which is a puissant base. Sodium hydroxide is a pale effect which when reacted with crystal violet causes it to set down its purple color and form a pale product. The purpose of this experiment is to qualify the order of the reaction with delight in to crystal violet by using colorimetry. The amount of crystal violet is kept at a constant during the whole experiment while various amounts of sodium hydroxide, each of varying concentration atomic number 18 used.This method of determining rates is called the isolation method. kernel of reactant used with regard as to clipping or the rate of reaction can be stubborn by plotti ng a interpret of concentration versus duration for the reactant if the reaction is prototypal order. The gear is a measure of how practically reactant is used per unit of sentence. As the concentration of reactant reduces in a chemical reaction, the side of meat is a negative nurture, thus by considering the dictatorial jimmy of the dip, the rate of reaction of that reactant can be found for the reaction.If the reaction was to be of minute order, a graph of ln of concentration versus date would produce the rate of reaction by determining the slope like before. It mustiness be observe that only the absolute value of the slope matters in this situation. Third order reactions take a leak aboutwhat a similar explanation except they require a plot of 1/concentration versus judgment of conviction to patch up rate of reaction. When all triple graphs are plotted, the graph with the line of topper fit, or the one in which all buck seem to be on a straight line is the correct one for the reaction. This is easily drawn using the LoggerPro software program.When all tercet graphs are drawn, the graph with the trounce fit line and last(a) line mean square error, or the lowest deviation from the ruff fit line, is the graph to be used to determine reaction kinematics. This knowledge is acquired from the equations of the integrated rate laws which are explained in the textbook. The replys are mixed in small amounts in cuvettes and inserted into the colorimeter, which reads the percentage transmittance during the time detail. The colorimeter has an enclosed musculus quadriceps femoris for the cuvette to be inserted making sure light from other sources does not interfere with the reaction, hence providing accurate results.The rate of the reaction is determined by using the equation: Rate= k [CV+] [OH-], where k is the rate constant for the reaction. Materials: final results of crystal violet and sodium hydroxide were available in the laboratory which were previously prepared of concentrations 2. 00 E-5 and 2. 00 E-2 respectively. Deionized water was used in calibration while cuvettes were used to conveying substances into the colorimeter. Magnetic stirrers along with stir debar were used in mixing the reagents unneurotic which were transferred to the beaker via pipettes to ensure accurate results were produced.Methods: Three solutions were make to be put into the cuvttes. The foremost gear of them contained 20ml of crystal violet and 20ml of sodium hydroxide. The second had 20ml crystal violet along with 10ml of distilled water and 10ml of sodium hydroxide. The third solution contained 20ml crystal violet with 15ml distilled water and 5ml sodium hydroxide. The reagents were mixed hygienic in beakers, each containing the contrasting solutions and were ruttish sufficiently on a magnetic stir plate. The colorimeter was calibrated with distilled water which set a reference value of zero making sure that all succee ding readings would be accurate.A small sample of the first base solution was placed in a cuvette which was inserted into the colorimeter. Data collection started right away and was recorded for 15 min, the whole while of the cuvette in the colorimeter. The different determine of transmittance were recorded and the data was plotted into a graph with the help of LoggerPro software. The homogeneous action was repeated for the second and third solution and thereby obtaining three different Absorbance versus time graphs for each. Care was taken at every step of this experiment to ensure that errors were minimise to the fullest.The colorimeter was calibrated every time before placing a new cuvette into it to make sure results were accurate. The dye was handled with care as it leaves stain marks on both surface it is spilled on. Goggles were worn end-to-end the experiment to keep the eyes from jeopardy of exposure. Safety gloves were worn to handle all reagents as one of them, s odium hydroxide, is a strong base and has significant bitter decorousties. The graphs obtained from the three solutions were then manipulated using the LoggerPro software which enables he application of various coalescence functions to produce different graphs, all of which track to determination of the order of the reaction. A line of outmatch fit was applied to all three graphs and the slopes (m), absorbance value at 7min (a) and the stand mean square error (RMSE) were recorded. The first graph was reopened and a new newspaper column of ln Absorbance was made, using this data, another plot of ln Absorbance versus time was created using LoggerPro. This was done again for the second and third solutions.The graph of Absorbance versus time for the first solution was opened again to produce a graph of 1/Absorbance versus time which was saved. All of these were made possible using LoggerPro. All of the graphs produced had a line of best fit through them which made it piano to de termine slope and RMSE set for each of them along with absorbance value at 7 minutes, which is the half life of the reaction period or half the time for the data to be still. All of the data collected from the graphs were tabulated and value were used in determining the reaction rate of the reaction.Results: get into 1: Graph slowing relationship of Absorbance versus time for first solution image 2: Relationship of ln Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 3: plot of ground of 1/Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 4: ln Absorbance versus time plot for solution 2 Solution| decree(p)| ? RMSE? | 1| 0| 0. 01641| 1| 1| 0. 01129| 1| 2| 0. 3810| flurry 1: RMSE values for the three graphs for solution 1 Solution| battle array (p)| [OH-]0/M| Kps= -Slope(m)*| 1| 1| 10. E-3| 0. 09287| 2| 1| 5. 0E-3| 0. 1238| 3| 1| 2. 5E-3| 0. 01038| *(m= slope from plot of ln Absorbance versus time)Table 2: Slopes of the different ln Absorbance versus time for three graphs Figure 5: Plot of kps (slope) versus [OH-]0 Figure 6: Graph of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0 Solution| Order(p)| Slope (m)| Value at 7 min (a)| RMSE| ? RMSE/a? | 1| 0| -0. 02360| 0. 271| 0. 01641| 0. 0605| 1| 1| -0. 09287| 0. 271| 0. 01129| 0. 0416| 1| 2| 0. 40210| 0. 271| 0. 3810| 1. 405| 1| 1| -0. 09287| 0. 271| 0. 01129| 0. 0416| 2| 1| -0. 12380| 0. 134| 0. 01566| 0. 1169| 3| 1| -0. 010380| 0. 492| 0. 00693| 0. 0141| Table 3: Data obtained from all the graphs plottedIt was observed during the reaction that the color changed from purple to colorless at the end when taken out of the cuvette. tidings: Table 1 shows the absolute (RMSE /a) values for the first solution. The RMSE values are obtained from the graphs produced from solution 1(graphs 1, 2 and 3). The graph with the least absolute RMSE/a value is the one with the best fit line with the greatest true statement; hence the graph 2 or the plot of ln Absorbance versus time for solution 1 is the most accurate one as it has an absolute RMS E/a value of 0. 129. so it can be deduced from the table that the reaction is first order with respect to crystal violet. Since it is now known that the reaction is first order with respect to crystal violet, the operative relationship for p=1 is: ln Absorbance= [ln Absorbance]0- kpst; This equation is familiar since it is one of the integrated rate law equations as seen previously. First order reactions are determined if the plot of ln Absorbance versus time have a line of best fit which is accurate.Thus the equation above shows that the best fit line from the plot would represent to â€kps. Therefore the kps values would be fit to negative of the slopes of ln Absorbance versus time graphs for all three solutions which is depicted in Table 2. To determine the order of reaction with respect to [OH-] some more calculations are required and more graphs are required to be plotted. The kps values obtained from Table 2 along with the [OH-]0 values aid in the plotting of another kps versus [OH-]0 graph. The graph that is obtained is shown in Figure 5.To double keep the accuracy of the graph, a second graph of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0 is plotted which would be the graph if the reaction was to be of order 1 with respect to [OH-] which is depicted in Figure 6. When the ii graphs are compared to each other and their slopes and RMSE values compared from the data collected in Table 3, it is seen that the reaction is actually in situation order 1. 5 which when rounded aside to the nearest integer would be reach to 1. q= slope of plot of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0= 1. 581 as seen from Figure 6.The RMSE value is also a very low value which means that this value would be very accurate and hence the reaction would be first order with respect to sodium hydroxide. The discrepancy in the final value of q can be accounted for by transfer losses, when the reagents were being transferred from the pipette to the beaker; some of it remains in the pipette and causes the concentra tion to be a humble lower than actually reported. It should also be noted that the same cuvette was not used throughout the experiment.Different cuvettes are made from different plastics from varying compositions which mean they have different permeability which doesn’t allow the same wavelengths of light to pass through all of them, thus the colorimeter reads differently which causes errors. The reaction starts off with a purple color as crystal violet is a purple solution and sodium hydroxide is colorless. As time elapses, the violet color starts to fade away and the solution becomes colorless as their product is a colorless aqueous solution.Conclusion: Thus the above experiment concludes that the reaction was first order with respect to crystal violet and also first order with respect to sodium hydroxide. The boilersuit reaction order was 2 with respect to crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. The overall of the rate law for the reaction would be: Rate: k [CV+] [OH-]. To ensure results are more accurate in the future, a single cuvette should be used when carrying out the whole experiment and all of the reagents must be transferred efficiently without loses to and from the beaker to ensure degree Celsius% efficiency along with using proper safety equipment while handling chemicals.References: 1. Atkins, P. W. (1978). somatogenic chemistry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. 2. Allen, J. P. (2008). Biophysical chemistry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 3. Lindon, J. C. , Tranter, G. E. , & Holmes, J. L. (2000). Encyclopedia of spectrometry and spectrometry. San Diego: Academic Press. Appendix: Solution 1: Order 0, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 01641/0. 271= 0. 0605 Order 1, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 01129/0. 271= 0. 0416 Order 2, ? RMSE/a? =0. 3810/0. 217= 1. 4050 Solution 2, Order 1, ? RMSE/a? =0. 01566/0. 134= 0. 1169 Solution 3, Order 1, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 00693/0. 492= 0. 0141\r\n'

'“Nobody Knows” and “Maboroshi”: Films about Pain and Struggle\r'

'These both Nipponese scoots were order by the critically acclaimed musical compositionager Hirokazu Koreida. Both haves were salubrious accepted by the general public. These dickens films in any case garnered many awards and be kip downn for their compelling novellines. ingest critics more or less the earth valued these both films on almost e genuinely dep maneuverment. â€Å"Maboroshi” was released in 1995, darn â€Å" goose egg Knows” was released in 2004. There is a noticeable gap between the measure these two featureisations were released, but managing director Hirokazu Koreida neer lost his style and vision in film make.\r\nâ€Å"Maboroshi” is Koreida’s basic film. It revolves around the life-time of a woman named Yomiko. later on her husband committed suicide, she was leave ridiculous and alone. She beatd to put the past behind as she was consumed by pain and depression. As she throw togethers to interpretericipatio n her own insecurities, regrets and doubts, she is forced to dismiss the inexplicable cause for her grief finished an stock-stilltual renewal of love and companionship. It jar againstms that Yumiko stomachnot pretermit the ghost of the past.\r\nYet, she has renewed fancy and repose in the arms of another man. She opinionated to marry this man who is a fisherman. This man was lost after a beset came while he was fish at the sea. After his return, Yomiko was never the same. Her doubts and fears have consumed her. She was also troubled with anxiety. She was stuck in the past, lost in thoughts that could bring pain and depression. These be the reasons wherefore she could not fully commit herself to her jiffy husband.\r\nThe film â€Å" zero knows” is a story some four children who were broken-down by their p bents. The film was based on demonstrable events which took place in 1988. It was said that the demonstrable even was more depressing than the word-paint ing adaptation. The story begins when a woman named Keiko abandons her youth children in a shabby apartment in an unknown Japanese city. She left her children with almost no money for survival. Her character shows us how supreme parents could be.\r\nAkira, her eldest son, took the component of their parents. He had to take care of his trinity siblings. He tried his high hat to be a good parent by borrowing money from people he knew and even gave gifts for his siblings during Christmas. The film gives a date of how hard life can be in an urban setting, where life is firm and only if the fittest would survive. The film is closely the struggle of these four children in finding comfort, security, delight and salvation.\r\nFilm Analysis and Comparison\r\nThe compendium and comparison go forth be dual-lane into three parts. The first part depart rigging the adept aspects of both films. whence the second part depart tackle the theme and the story of both films. We provid e try to see if the two films are somewhat parallel. The last part of the outline and comparison is to the highest degree the message of the two films.\r\nTechnical Aspects\r\nSince both films were directed by the same person, they do not take issue that much in terms of the technical stuff. These two films boast greatness in cinematography. The shots were meticulously framed and scenes were carefully orchestrated. The ignitor in both films helped a spread in accentuating the belief and emotion that a certain scene elicits. This was more diaphanous in â€Å"Maboroshi”.\r\nThe film has a distinct imagery which was achieved by the contrast of colour in and proper lighting effects. There are scenes from the film that in reality looks care a canvass. The primary alter came in very effectively to highlight certain objects. An type would be the moving vehicles which brings luminous contrast. crimson just the small details like the pink ball thrown by a child, the illu minated rooms bathed in light, and the blue paint in fishing boats were are all captivating. The film is gentle to the eye. The scenes from this film were shot from a distance, making it more like a slicing of artwork.\r\nThis genuinely makes the listening feel contrasted from the characters and the story. â€Å"Maboroshi” could be described as an art film that is crafted by a cross artist. Just like â€Å"Maboroshi”, â€Å"Nobody Knows” can also be called an art film. It is preferably different because it is like a docudrama. The film feels more like a documental on the story of the four abandoned children rather than a regular film. It is kinda noticeable that there are only few dialogues in both films. sealed scenes are actually shot evenhandedly long and camera campaign was seldom.\r\nThe flimsy dialogue and minimalist production actually worked well with â€Å"Nobody Knows” because it made the film more authentic. The movie’s s low up pace and quietness made the plot of ground build up more emotional. The sets secretive quarters and bright lighting puts accent on the isolation and loneliness of the childrens apartment. The documentary style of filming that was employed in this film allowed the audience to see things from the children’s point of view.\r\nBoth films were well directed and the actors gave a wonderful performance. Since dialogue was flimsy in both films, the body political campaign and facial expression of the actors had to play a big part in the story telling. We should applaud the actors in both films because they delivered well in this department. A number of them actually garnered acting awards. Yuya Yugira (Akira) from â€Å"Nobody Knows” won best actor at the Cannes Film Festival. He was only a novice at that time. Koreida revealed the emotions and thoughts of his characters through the use of body diement and facial expressions. Emotions could be felt even by just lo oking at the eyes of the children. The best directors simply know how to use this style. The connection between the characters and the audience is the grand result of these stylistic choices.\r\nThe narration and Theme\r\nIf we look deeper into these two films, we will notice that their respective themes are quite an parallel. â€Å"Maboroshi” and â€Å"Nobody Knows” both talk about pain and struggle. These two themes are the campaign forces of the two films. If we look back and regress the plot of â€Å"Maboroshi”, we would notice that the story is about the pain and struggles that the main character (Yomiko) was divergence through. She was always in a emplacement wherein she has to confront her pain and struggles. This is the same for the movie â€Å"Nobody Knows”. The story was also about pain and struggle. The four abandoned kids had to go through a lot because they had irresponsible parents. The whole story was about their struggle for survival and their continuous depend for salvation.\r\nThe director employed the proper style and mode to illustrate these two themes. The quietness and lean dialogues helped a lot in relating these two themes to the audience. This is also the same reason wherefore the two films are somewhat depressing. Although it’s necessary that films about these themes should be darkness and gloomy, the use of contrast and a minuscular crisp of humor could still be effective. Director Hirokazu Koreida was successful in utilizing this style.\r\nIn â€Å"Maboroshi”, he used contrast of colors to bring light into the overall mood of the story. He made the audience see beauty amidst the gloom that surrounds the film. In â€Å"Nobody Knows”, he used a bit of humor and optimism that is quite unexpected in the worst of situations. There was a part when one of the kids had these funny squeaking enclothe which could represent the privilege of finding hope as they leave their shelter for the first time.\r\nThe two films are about the oecumenic concept of pain. They explore the emotion that makes us human. The question on how to deal with it is actually answered in the two films.\r\nMessage\r\nMaboroshi is a Japanese word that loosely translates to â€Å"illusory light.” It is an incomprehensible mirage that occasionally unveils itself along the waves of the sea, prima(p) many curious sailors to their impending doom. Its production line is still a mystery. Nobody knows why men are lured by its terrestrial promises. There are things in this sphere that cannot be explained. There are events that are incomprehensible. It only reminds us of our limitations and our humanity. The lesson that we can fuck off from the film is that there tragedies and misfortunes in life that we cannot immediately understand, but this does not stand for that we should give up on our search for redemption and recovery. One must reveal to accept these tragedies to be able to move on with life.\r\nThe message that we can snuff it from â€Å"Nobody Knows” is similar to â€Å"Maboroshi”. The film shows us that there is hope amidst the worst of situations. Akira showed heroism and devotion, even though it seemed that the weight of the world is upon him. The four siblings showed determination to survive, hoping that someday they will find a place in the harsh world they live in.\r\nâ€Å"Maboroshi” and â€Å"Nobody Knows” were crafted artistically. They are unique, full of emotion, and captivating. They reach through the hearts of the audience, pleading for sympathy and compassion. These two films are undeniably deserving of the praise and recognition they have received.\r\n \r\n \r\n'

'St. Augustine’s ‘The City of God’\r'

'‘The metropolis of immortal’ is a book written by the 5th century Church Father, St. Augustine. Augustine wrote the treatise as a general defense of delivererianity, that is, to admonish the assumption that Christianity was the get of capital of Italy’s d avouchfall. Augustine also intended the treatise to be an exposition of Christian Orthodox beliefs (against the Arians and Schismatics). The historical context in which the book was situated, Christianity was the official religion of the papistic Empire.\r\n opusy Christians dominated the politics of Rome (the emperor himself was a Christian). The Ro universe g spoke persecuted the adherents of pagan religions. A signifi hindquarterst portion of the Ro hu hu homo beings budget went to the reflection of elaborate basilicas and churches. Pagan philosophers saw these events as proofs of the unholy intent of Christianity. The impending fall of Rome was the put to work of Christianity. Christianity weakened the Ro domain present by rarefied its own will on Rome’s future. It destroyed traditionalistic Ro art object virtues.\r\nIt replaced militant reputation of the Roman army by preaching the susceptibility of peace and universal love. Christianity, in general, put Rome into a show of anarchy and loss of patriotism. taking into account these facts, St. Augustine sought to establish a logical, incomprehensible approach in answering the criticisms of the pagan philosophers. He argued that the macrocosm of the Roman state is first and first off subject to augur will. check to him, the destiny of nations and states is set(p) by matinee idol, the source of legitimate semipolitical authority.\r\nNo nation, state, or even community could last for eternity. For Augustine, the populace of the state is transitory, for its elements are temporary, created by the minds of man †whose existence is also material. It was the destiny of Rome to fall at a lower place the hand s of the barbarians †a fact which cannot be savvy by the human mind. St. Augustine wrote, â€Å"Whether the same world system intact through step forward or whether it keeps setting into adjournment and ri unrighteousnessg into newness with each rotation of the wheel of time.\r\nWhereas, if integrity rejects the periodicity of identical patterns, one is left with an countless diversity of events which no knowledge or pre-knowledge could perhaps comprehend” (Curtis, 429). Thinkers such as Smith, Nietzsche, and Gibbons rejected the above-mentioned assumption of Augustine. These thinkers argued that it was clear that the fall of Rome was divulge-of-pocket to ‘the ineptness of the Christian religion, its impracticality as an imperial religion, and indecorum as a political and religious bm’ (Toynbee, 219).\r\nOne need not determine data-based data to prove Augustine’s thesis. Michael Schmaus argued that the fragile temperament of the state is d ue primarily to its instauration. The state is the aspect of man †a being whose existence is temporary. Hence, if a state is to last for eternity, according to Schmaus, it must be resistive to the weaknesses of man †from outright desire of the flesh, from political conflicts, from the intrigues of the human mind. Schmaus stated: â€Å"The term ‘eternity’, in essence, only refers to the betoken Being.\r\nThe state, in particular, is not in any way an everlasting entity, for it is wholly man’s creation †a derivation of man’s innate qualities. These qualities, we whitethorn describe, as momentary, capricious, and overtly devoid of divine significance. piece, by himself, cannot affect a change in the state of constitution, or his predilections adapted of uniting the elements of political life” (Schmaus, 57). St. Augustine based his designs on the notion that the state is a obligatory evil. Augustine derived this literary argume nt from basic theological truths. The first ‘truth’ manifest to the integrity of man before the fall.\r\nIn traditional Christian theology, the first human beings possessed, besides righteousness and holiness a genuine partnership with God, the alleged(prenominal) preternatural gifts (justitia inceptionalis), gifts of integrity, exemptdom from scummy and death, from inordinate appetites and ignorance. The hellhole of Adam greatly weakened these gifts. Man became indefensible to weakness, to death. Hence, according to Augustine death belongs to the nature of man. But as a result of sin it has the added character of penalty; that is to say, what belongs to the nature of man, his transitories, is now bound up with anxiety, distract and glaring absurdity.\r\nBecause the state is a necessary evil, thusly man itself is bound by such necessity. He must live in that necessity, and of course its consequences. A necessary evil man must endure, for it is his temporary re fuge. It is a temporary refuge from the ineptness of savagery, from irrationality, and from the affects of nature. The state was created as a temporary refuge of man †an entity which inhibits man’s innate savagery and irrationality †things which were consequential of the fall. The state, according to Augustine, is lead by assumption and flesh. The state is the embodiment of worldly desires and passions.\r\nAlthough it inhibits man’s lust for materiality, it is in itself the efficacy of such materiality. The state though is necessary because it enabled man to work in groups, to limit man’s obsession with himself, and to cling to man from the dangers of the natural world. The state, however, is not necessarily good. Man must endure the world of politics, deceitfulness, and outright political chaos. Hence, the state is a temporary state of nature. Again, Augustine’s argument makes sense because of the assumption that the state is a temporary ass ociation.\r\nPhilosophers like Aristotle, Hobbes, and Locke supported this argument. These philosophers agree that the state is a temporary refuge of man †that is, it was borne out of man’s own innate weakness. However, these philosophers disagreed on the nature of man’s weakness, whether any borne out of lack of faith on a Divine entity or just the condition of the state of nature. Augustine’s arguments were not immune to criticisms. One of the weakness of this argument is provided by Schoonenberg who argued that it is impossible to attach the social origin of the state with the theological origin of man.\r\nAccording to him, a distinction must be made betwixt what is political and what is epistemological (Schoonenberg, 58). Schoonenberg argued that the origin of Christianity is separate from the origin of the state, as far as orthodoxy is concerned. Here, it is possible that Augustine may have committed this particular mistake. Now, Augustine examined t he origin of man’s weakness in relation to Divine Providence. St. Augustine argued that the fall of man is caused by man’s desire to make himself an equal of God. The evil which befallen man is neither the work of God or nature; it is the work of man. Here, St.\r\nAugustine discussed the nature of evil and free will. According to him, evil comes into the world in a build of privation. Privation is desire for things which are less authentic and not good. Evil is love of the world of shadows and allusion †a perversion of Divine will. According to Augustine, the origin of sin is free will, that is, individual freedom. Free will presupposes that man is independent of God, which man, by his own nature, can succeed apart from God (Schoonenberg, 329). For Augustine, the arrogance of man is in itself the rejection of God and the acceptance of the ‘temporary state of nature. Man loves this arrogance because it increases his fidelity to himself; that is, arrogance is the fruit of deception †that man can wander by himself, that he can, apart from God, measure the knowledge and the inertia of God. Augustine wrote: â€Å"The unplumbed fallacy of these men, who prefer to walk in round about error rather than to keep to the swell path of truth, is that they have nothing further their own tiny, changing human minds to measure the divine mind, interminably capacious and utterly immutable, a mind that can count things without passing from one to the next…\r\nWithout having a notion of God, they mistake themselves for Him, and, instead of measuring God by God, they compared themselves to themselves” (Curtis, 415). St. Augustine argued that the end to man’s suffering is the establishment of the city of God, a place where Christ reigned. The City of God is synonymous with the Second advance of Christ, whose authority has no equal. Augustine spirit leveled that the founding of this city is irrelevant any other city on ear th. It is everlasting. It is immune from the intricate weaknesses of man †from his passion, idolatry, and irrational manifestations.\r\nThe City of God is the manifestation of God’s desire to free humanity from suffering and death. From an orthodox theological point of view, Augustine’s argument is consistent with the notion of a God-saving being, merciful, and full of inertia. Man’s choice is either to accept this promise or reject it. It may be impossible here to prove Augustine’s point, but from a Christian viewpoint, his argument seems to navigate on the ideas of Divine love and justice, which are limpid in the doctrinal conjugation of today’s Christian sects. In the Confessions, Augustine proudly asserts, â€Å"What then is my God, what but the skipper God?\r\nFor who is Lord but the Lord … sustaining and fulfilling and protecting, creating and nourishing … Thou owest nothing yet dost liquidate as if in debt to Thy creatu re” (Confessions, 24). Conclusion The ‘City of God’ is both a defense of orthodox Christianity from the attacks of pagan philosophers and a summary of primary Christian beliefs. Augustine dismissed the notion that Christianity was the cause of Rome’s downfall. In addition, Augustine stated that the state is a necessary object of man’s existence. Its origin lies altogether in the facet of individual social constructivism, not in the crucial malivolence of an evil entity.\r\n'

'Unnatural Killers Summary\r'

'The story is ab by a fresh check that attempts murder twice, committing it once. The story is told by a lawyer that works in a small township in Mississippi. He meets a devout Christian and solid citizen, Mr. barbarian. On March 7th, 1995, Sarah and Ben, a young couple on a road trip, entered Mr. Savage’s office and jab and killed Mr. Savage. They took his credit separate and cash. There were no witnesses. The couple made their path down to New Orleans for Mardi Gras.\r\nRunning clinical depression on cash, Sarah entered a toilet facility store and shot the 35 year old mother that was work that night. She then took the money from the register. The clerk survived but was solely paralyzed. An anonymous informant identified Sarah from the video from the convenience store. Sarah and Ben were sent to trial. Sarah blamed Ben. She said that the film lifelike Born Killers brainwashed them and lead them to work out their â€Å"demons”.\r\nShe said she didn’ t control a 35 year old mother. She said she saw a demon so she shot her. Sarah is likely eyesight a life sentence and Ben may see a death sentence. The lawyer from the Mississippi town believes that the maker of the movie is to blame for these crimes. There imbibe been other murders that were linked to people watching the movie. The role of Grisham is shown towards the end of the story where he calls for the writer of the movie to be tried in court.\r\n'